Transcript Matter and Energy

Matter and Energy
By: Paola Luevanos and Charlotte
Renken
MATTER
• Matter is made out of mass and is anything that occupies
space.
• Mass is quantity of matter that an object has but it is not the
same as weight.
• Chemical changes in matter are very important to life
processes.
States of Matter
• The three states of matter are solid,liquid, and gas
• Solid- assumes shape of the part of container that it
occupies.
• Liquid-retains fixed shape and volume
• Gas-assumes shape and volume of container
Particles in a solid,liquid, and gas
• particles in a solid are tightly packed, usually in regular
pattern
o particles in a solid also vibrate but generally do not move
from one place to another
• particles in a liquid are close together with no arrangement
o particles also vibrate,move about, and slide past each
other
• particles in a gas are separated with no arrangement
o particles also vibrate and more freely at high speed
ELEMENTS & ATOMS
• Pure substances that can't be broken down chemically.
• Each element has different chemical symbol.
• There are more than 100 identified elements. More than 90% of
the mass of living things are composed of combinations of four
elements.
o Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)
• Atoms are simple particles of an element that retain properties
of an element
• Properties of an element determine structure and properties of
matter
• Atoms' true structure can't be seen because they are too small to
be observed
• (not even with the most powerful microscope can you see them)
• Models of atoms help us predict how they will act in nature.
NUCLEUS
• Central core of atoms and has two particles.
Proton which has positive electrical charge
Neutron has no electrical charge
• Most mass of atom is concentrated on nucleus
• All atoms of given element have same number of protons
• Number of protons in atoms are called atomic number.
• In the atom the number of positively charged protons is
balanced by equal number of smalll negatively charged
particles which are called electrons.
ELECTRONS
• High energy particles with little mass which move in the
nucleus at high speed.
• Electrons in outer energy levels have more energy than those
in inner energy levels.
• Energy levels can hold up a certain amount of electrons.
ex. First level nearest nucleus holds up to 2 electrons whole
the second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons.
COMPOUNDS
• Most elements do not exist by themselves they readily
combine with other elements.
• Pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or more
elements is called a compound.
Proportions of each kind of atom are fixed.
• Chemical formula shows the kind of proportion of atoms of
each element that forms a particular compound.
• Physical and chemical properties of a compound are
different from physical and chemical properties of the
individual elements that compose it.
• Combining and forming of compounds depend on the
number and arrangement of electrons in their atoms.
• Since most atoms are not stable in their natural state they
react or combine with other atoms so then the atoms become
more stable
COMPOUNDS cont.
• Most elements undergo chemical reactions because some of
them like carbon,nitrogen, and oxygen consist of atoms with
unfilled energy levels. So chemical reactions allow them to
combine in ways that cause their atoms to become stable.
• Chemical bonds are broken once chemical reactions occur
and atoms are rearranged and new chemical bonds, or
attachments are formed.
Chemical Bonds
• Chemical bonds are attractions between atoms because of
shared
• Covalent bonds are:
o When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
o The simplest part of a substance that retains all of the
properties of the substance and that can exist in a free
state are molecules.
o Molecules are large and complex
• Ionic bonds are:
o Ionic bonds arise from elements with low
electronegativity(almost empty outer shells) reacting with
elements with high electronegativity (mostly full outer
shells). In this case there is a complete transfer of
electrons.
What are molecules?
• Simplest part of substance which retains properties of the
substance which exist in free state.
• Molecules make up living and non-living things.
• They are also made out of atoms.
• Molecules in living things are made out of 25 to 100 known
atoms in the universe.
Energy
• work and energy related
o energy-ability to do work
o work-process of changing energy level
• energy occurs in different forms
o one can be converted from one form to another
• energy can never be created or destroyed
Energy Forms
• Energy forms are either potential or kinetic.
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential energy is stored energy
and the energy of position —
gravitational energy. There are
several forms of potential energy.
• Chemical Energy
• Mechanical Energy
• Nuclear Energy
• Gravitational Energy
• Electrical Energy
Kinetic energy is motion — of
waves, molecules, objects,
substances, and objects.
• Radiant Energy
• Thermal Energy
• Motion Energy
• Sound
Potential Energy
• Chemical Energy
o stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules
o Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when we
burn wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's engine
• Mechanical Energy
o is energy stored in objects by tension.
o Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are
examples of stored mechanical energy.
• Nuclear Energy
o is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom — the energy
that holds the nucleus together.
• Gravitational Energy
o is energy stored in an object's height.
o When you ride a bicycle down a steep hill and pick up
speed, the gravitational energy is being converted to
motion energy
Potential Energy Cont.
• Electrical Energy
o stored in a battery, and can be used to power a cell phone or
start a car.
o Electrical energy is delivered by tiny charged particles called
electrons, typically moving through a wire.
o Lightning is an example of electrical energy in nature, so
powerful that it is not confined to a wire.
Kinetic Energy
• Radiant Energy
o is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves.
o Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays
and radio waves.
o Light is one type of radiant energy.
o Sunshine is radiant energy, which provides the fuel and
warmth that make life on Earth possible.
• Thermal Energy
o or heat, is the vibration and movement of the atoms and
molecules within substances.
o As an object is heated up, its atoms and molecules move and
collide faster.
o Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the Earth.
• Motion Energy
o is energy stored in the movement of objects.
o The faster they move, the more energy is stored.
Kinetic Energy
• Sound
o the movement of energy through substances in
longitudinal waves.
o Sound is produced when a force causes an object or
substance to vibrate
o the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.
o Usually, the energy in sound is far less than other forms of
energy.
So What Does This All Have to do With
Biology?!
Matter, energy and molecules, being in everything, therefore
has to do with Biology. They are the building blocks of
everything in our universe and explain the many things that
happen in this universe.