Transcript Chapters 9&10 Energy and Heat

Energy: _____________________________________________
The ability to do work
and work is a __________________________________.
transfer of energy
Types of energy:
energy of motion
1. Kinetic energy - ______________________________
mass
This depends on _____________
and _______________.
speed
The formula for kinetic energy is
Kinetic energy = ________
or 1/2 mv2
mv2
2
where m = ___________
and v = _________________.
speed
mass
Speed
________________
has more of an effect on kinetic energy
than _____________
mass
because it is ______________.
squared
2. Potential energy - ______________________________
the energy an object has because
______________________________________________
of its position or shape
Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s
___________
and _____________
and is equal to
weight
height
__________
weight x _____________.
height
3. Mechanical energy - the
___________________________
total energy of motion and
______________________________________________
position of an object
Mechanical energy = ________________
potential energy + _____________
kinetic energy
Forms of energy particles
1. Thermal Energy - the total energy of the _____________
that
make up an object. Thermal energy depends on both the
____________
of the particles and the ______________
of
speed
number
particles. For a particular substance, the __________
form
solid
has less energy than the _____________
liquid
state which has less
energy than the ______________
state. Recall the definition
gaseous
temperature
of _________________
as the average kinetic energy of an
object
2. Chemical Energy - the ____________
energy
of a compound that
changes as its _________
are rearranged to form new
atoms
compounds. This is a form of _______________
energy.
potential
Ex: In respiration, _____________
(C6H12O6) reacts with ________
oxygen
glucose
to form ____________,
_______________,
and _______________.
water
carbon dioxide
energy
3. Electrical energy - the __________
of
energy
electrons
moving _____________.
This can be both
potential
_______________
and ______________
energy.
kinetic
4. Sound energy - this is caused by an object’s _______________.
vibration
This can be _____________
and _____________
energy.
potential
kinetic
Ex: Plucking a guitar string - when the string is pulled, it has
______________
energy, and when it is let go, it ____________
potential
vibrates
with _______________
energy. This causes
kinetic
_________
particles to vibrate,
air
passing on ____________
vibrations
to the next air particles,
sound
generating __________.
5. Light energy - This is produced by the vibrations of __________
electrically
____________
particles which cause _________
charged
energy to be transmitted.
6. Nuclear energy - the ____________
energy
associated with changes
in the _____________
of an atom. It can be produced when ___
nucleus
2
or more nuclei __________
together or one nucleus __________
join
splits
apart
____________.
Energy Conversion - One form of ___________
energy
can be converted
into any other form of energy, or more than one form of _________.
energy
Kinetic energy can change to ____________
potential
kinetic
energy and back to __________
energy.
Ex: As you climb up the ladder to a sliding
board, you are using ___________
to get
kinetic
there. At the top, you have ______________
potential
energy, which changes to ____________
as you
kinetic
slide down.
Ex: The pendulum
Other examples of energy changing form:
chemical
1. __________
energy changes to ____________
energy during
Light
photosynthesis.
Chemical
2. _______________
energy changes to _____________
energy
thermal
when we use energy from food to keep our bodies at 98.6 F.
3. _______________
Chemical
changes to _______________
mechanical
and__________
thermal
energy when we use our muscles.
4. ______________
energy changes to ____________
energy when
Electrical
light
we turn on a flashlight and ____________
when we turn on a fan.
kinetic
Chemical
electrical
5. ______________
energy changes to ______________
energy
when we use batteries.
Conservation of energy - In a closed system, the total amount of
energy will not change, even though energy can change form. As
energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy is
always changed to ______________
energy. This is often due to
thermal
friction
work
_______________.
This energy can’t be used to do ___________.
Conservation of Energy: Energy
_________________________________
can be neither created nor
_____________________________________________________
destroyed.
In a closed system, the ___________
energy remains constant
total
although it can change from one form to another. Energy used to
friction
thermal
overcome _______________
is changed to ___________
energy.
This energy is not used to do __________
work
and is therefore _______.
wasted
Energy Resource: a______________________________________
natural resource that can be converted
______________________________________________________
by humans into other forms of energy in order to do useful work
1. Nonrenewable resources: ______________________________
These resources cannot be replaced
_____________________________________________________
when used or will take thousands of years to replace.
A. Fossil fuels: ____________________________________
Energy resources that formed from the
buried
_________________________________________________
remains of plants and animals that lived millions of
years
_________________________________________________
ago. These originally got their energy from the sun.
Ex: _________________
Coal, petroleum,
________________
natural gas
Fossil fuels can be used to generate ________________.
electricity
The
______________
energy in fossil fuels is burned to create _________
chemical
thermal
energy which __________
water which turns the blades of a turbine,
boils
creating ______________
energy, which is changed to ___________
kinetic
electrical
energy by a generator.
Nuclear energy: Electricity
is generated by _________
nuclear
___________
reactions
fission
from radioactive elements
such as ______________.
uranium
Renewable resources: _____________________________________
These energy sources can be used and
_______________________________________________________
replaced in nature over a relatively short
_______________________________________________________
period of time.
Ex: _________________,
______________________,
hydroelectric energy
solar energy
wind power
geothermal energy and ____________.
biomass
____________________,
__________________,
Advantages and disadvantages of Energy Resources
Resource
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. ______________
Fossil fuels
Provides a large amount of
Nonrenewable, produces
energy, easy to get and trans- pollution,
port, used to make electricity
and plastics
2. ______________
Nuclear energy
3. ______________
Solar power
Concentrated form of energy
Limitless source of energy,
no pollution
Radioactive waste,
nonrenewable
Expensive to produce in large
quantities, only available in
sunny areas
Dams disrupt ecosystems, only
available where there are rivers
4.______________
Water power
Renewable, no pollution
5. _____________
Wind
Renewable, inexpensive,
no pollution
Only available in windy areas
6. _____________
Geothermal
Limitless source of energy
Only available near hot spots
7. _____________
Biomass
Renewable
Requires large areas of farmland,
produces pollution when burned
Heat: _________________________________________________
the transfer of energy between objects that are at
______________________________________________________
different temperatures
thermal
The type of energy that is transferred is ____________
energy. The
thermal energy depends on
1. the amount of motion of the particles of a substance
(__________________)
temperature
2. how much of the substance there is (the amount of
particles
______________
that are moving)
higher
Energy transfers from a ___________
temperature object to a
lower
____________
temperature object when they come into contact.
This continues until the objects reach the same temperature, which
thermal
equilibrium
is known as ___________
_______________.
This can occur in
3 ways.
1. Conduction: _________________________________________
the transfer of thermal energy from one substance
_____________________________________________________
to another through direct contact
Particles collide and transfer their ___________
energy to other
kinetic
particles.
Some materials conduct better than others.
Conductors - __________________________________________
substances that conduct thermal energy very well
Ex: ___________
metals
substances that do not conduct thermal energy well
Insulators - ___________________________________________
wood, air, fiberglass
Ex: _____________________
2. Convection - ________________________________________
the transfer of thermal energy by the movement
_____________________________________________________
of a liquid or a gas
Convection currents occur when ________
warm
air or liquid __________
and ___________
rises
cooler
air or liquid _________
moves __________.
down
3. Radiation - ___________________________________________
the transfer of energy through matter or space as
______________________________________________________
electromagnetic waves, such as visible and infrared light
sun
When light from the _________
enters the atmosphere and is
absorbed by objects, some energy is radiated back into the air in
thermal
absorb
the form of _____________
energy. The gases in the air _________
some of this energy, which keeps the Earth warm. This process is
called the ________________
_____________.
greenhouse
effect
Energy: _____________________________________________
and work is a __________________________________.
Types of energy:
1. Kinetic energy - ______________________________
This depends on _____________ and _______________.
The formula for kinetic energy is
Kinetic energy = ________ or 1/2 mv2
where m = ___________ and v = _________________.
________________ has more of an effect on kinetic energy
than _____________ because it is ______________.
2. Potential energy - ______________________________
______________________________________________
Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s
___________ and _____________ and is equal to
__________ x _____________.
3. Mechanical energy - ___________________________
______________________________________________
Mechanical energy = ________________ + _____________
Forms of energy 1. Thermal Energy - the total energy of the _____________ that
make up an object. Thermal energy depends on both the
____________ of the particles and the ______________ of
particles. For a particular substance, the __________ form
has less energy than the _____________ state which has less
energy than the ______________ state. Recall the definition
of _________________ as the average kinetic energy of an
object
2. Chemical Energy - the ____________ of a compound that
changes as its _________ are rearranged to form new
compounds. This is a form of _______________ energy.
Ex: In respiration, _____________ (C6H12O6) reacts with ________
to form ____________, _______________, and _______________.
3. Electrical energy - the __________ of
moving _____________. This can be both
_______________ and ______________ energy.
4. Sound energy - this is caused by an object’s _______________.
This can be _____________ and _____________ energy.
Ex: Plucking a guitar string - when the string is pulled, it has
______________ energy, and when it is let go, it ____________
with _______________ energy. This causes
_________ particles to vibrate,
passing on ____________
to the next air particles,
generating __________.
5. Light energy - This is produced by the vibrations of __________
____________ particles which cause _________ to be transmitted.
6. Nuclear energy - the ____________ associated with changes
in the _____________ of an atom. It can be produced when ___
or more nuclei __________ together or one nucleus __________
____________.
Energy Conversion - One form of ___________ can be converted
into any other form of energy, or more than one form of _________.
Kinetic energy can change to ____________
energy and back to __________ energy.
Ex: As you climb up the ladder to a sliding
board, you are using ___________ to get
there. At the top, you have ______________
energy, which changes to ____________ as you
slide down.
Ex: The pendulum
Other examples of energy changing form:
1. __________ energy changes to ____________ energy during
photosynthesis.
2. _______________ energy changes to _____________ energy
when we use energy from food to keep our bodies at 98.6 F.
3. _______________ changes to _______________ and__________
energy when we use our muscles.
4. ______________ energy changes to ____________ energy when
we turn on a flashlight and ____________ when we turn on a fan.
5. ______________ energy changes to ______________ energy
when we use batteries.
Conservation of energy - In a closed system, the total amount of
energy will not change, even though energy can change form. As
energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy is
always changed to ______________ energy. This is often due to
_______________. This energy can’t be used to do ___________.
Conservation of Energy: _________________________________
_____________________________________________________
In a closed system, the ___________ energy remains constant
although it can change from one form to another. Energy used to
overcome _______________ is changed to ___________ energy.
This energy is not used to do __________ and is therefore _______.
Energy Resource: ______________________________________
______________________________________________________
1. Nonrenewable resources: ______________________________
_____________________________________________________
A. Fossil fuels: ____________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Ex: _________________
________________
Fossil fuels can be used to generate ________________. The
______________ energy in fossil fuels is burned to create _________
energy which __________ water which turns the blades of a turbine,
creating ______________ energy, which is changed to ___________
energy by a generator.
Nuclear energy: Electricity
is generated by _________
___________ reactions
from radioactive elements
such as ______________.
Renewable resources: _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Ex: _________________, ______________________,
____________________, __________________, and ____________.
Advantages and disadvantages of Energy Resources
Resource
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. ______________ Provides a large amount of Nonrenewable, produces
energy, easy to get and trans- pollution,
port, used to make electricity
and plastics
2. ______________
3. ______________
Concentrated form of energy
Limitless source of energy,
no pollution
Radioactive waste,
nonrenewable
Expensive to produce in large
quantities, only available in
sunny areas
Dams disrupt ecosystems, only
available where there are rivers
4.______________
Renewable, no pollution
5. _____________
Renewable, inexpensive,
no pollution
Only available in windy areas
6. _____________
Limitless source of energy
Only available near hot spots
7. _____________
Renewable
Requires large areas of farmland,
produces pollution when burned
Heat: _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
The type of energy that is transferred is ____________ energy. The
thermal energy depends on
1. the amount of motion of the particles of a substance
(__________________)
2. how much of the substance there is (the amount of
______________ that are moving)
Energy transfers from a ___________ temperature object to a
____________ temperature object when they come into contact.
This continues until the objects reach the same temperature, which
is known as ___________ _______________. This can occur in
3 ways.
1. Conduction: _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Particles collide and transfer their ___________ energy to other
particles.
Some materials conduct better than others.
Conductors - __________________________________________
Ex: ___________
Insulators - ___________________________________________
Ex: _____________________
2. Convection - ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Convection currents occur when ________
air or liquid __________ and ___________
air or liquid _________ __________.
3. Radiation - ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
When light from the _________ enters the atmosphere and is
absorbed by objects, some energy is radiated back into the air in
the form of _____________ energy. The gases in the air _________
some of this energy, which keeps the Earth warm. This process is
called the ________________ _____________.