Transcript Chapter 2 - Energy

Introduction to Engineering and
Technology Concepts
Unit Three
Chapter Two – Energy
Instructions for Success:
• Each chapter of every unit will begin with a “Mindjog.”
This is a warm up question that you should answer in
your workbook in the proper chapter.
• Please take notes as you move through the
presentations in the notebook that has been provided.
• Sections will come up in each presentation with an
assignment notice. Turn to the section detailed on the
slide in your workbook and complete the assignment
before proceeding.
• Good luck!
Objective
• Students will define sources of energy and confirm
whether or not those sources can be replaced once
utilized.
Mindjog!
• On your worksheet, please respond to the following question:
• “Explain, in your own words, how without
energy there would be no technology.”
Quick Review
• In the last chapter, we defined energy as
the ability to do work.
• The concept of technology is anything
that makes our lives easier…it does the
work for us to a certain extent.
• Therefore, without energy, humans could
not work on the development of
technology that in turn could not work to
benefit our needs
.
(Wright, 2004)
Quick Review (continued)
• We also stated that energy is in two forms:
kinetic and potential.
• Kinetic energy is energy that being used.
• Potential energy is energy that is being stored.
• Think of a battery…alone the battery has the
potential to be transformed and used. When
placed in a device that runs on battery power,
the energy becomes kinetic (Wright, 2004).
It’s the Law
• Finally, we noted that energy cannot be created
or destroyed. Therefore, energy can only be
converted from one form to another.
• Its general forms are as follows:
• Mechanical
• Radiant
• Chemical
• Thermal
• Electrical
• Nuclear (Wright, 2004)
Mechanical Energy
• A familiar form, mechanical energy is
produced by the motion of technological
devices
.
(Wright, 2004)
Radiant Energy
• Radiant Energy comes in the form of
electromagnetic waves
.
• The biggest source of radiant energy is
the sun
.
• In fact, the sun provides most of Earth’s
energy
.
(Wright, 2004)
(Wright, 2004)
(Wright, 2004)
Chemical Energy
• Chemical energy is stored within a chemical
substance.
• The most common examples of this are
petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
• Chemical energy is released when a substance
is put through a chemical reaction
.
(Wright, 2004)
Thermal Energy
• Simply put, thermal energy is from heat.
• Thermal energy cannot always be seen directly,
but have you ever been walking outside on a
hot day and seen heated airwaves above the
road?
• It is related to the movement of atoms and
molecules in a substance (Wright, 2004).
Electrical Energy
• Electrical Energy is associated with electrons
moving along a conductor
.
• How often do you utilize electrical energy?
( Wright, 2004)
Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear Energy is associated with the internal
bonds of atoms.
• Essentially, nuclear energy is harnessed when
energy is released during the splitting (fission)
or fusing (fusion) of an atom
(Wright, 2004).
Assignment #1
• Please turn to the section in your
workbook entitled, “Unit Three, Chapter
Two – Energy.”
• Complete the extension questions under
the “Assignment #1” header before
moving onto the next section of slides.
BEFORE MOVING ON:
• Did you complete the “Assignment #1”
Section under the “Unit Two, Chapter
One – Energy” section of your workbook?
• If you have, please proceed to the next
slide.
Sources
• Now that we have defined the different forms of
energy, there needs to be an understanding of
exactly what source we are using to harness it.
• There are three:
• Exhaustible
• Renewable
• Inexhaustible (Wright, 2004)
Exhaustible
• Exhaustible energy sources are materials that cannot
be replaced.
• The most common are petroleum, natural gas, and
coals and can be categorized as fossil fuels.
• Fossil fuels were once living matter, but millions of
years saw the dead plant and animal matter buried
under the Earth. Over time, this pressure resulted into
solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels.
• At the rate we are using fossil fuels, more cannot be
created before they are all used up (Wright, 2004).
Renewable
• Renewable energy sources are biological
materials that can be grown and harvested.
• This resource has a direct relation to
biotechnology and agriculture, something to be
discussed in detail in later units (Wright, 2004).
• Biotechnology allows for plant and animal gene
manipulation for the acquisition and
preservation of desired traits.
• Imagine not running your car on gas, but on
ethanol that was created from genetically
modified corn!
Inexhaustible
• Inexhaustible energy resources are part of the
solar weather system that exists on Earth (Wright,
2004).
• This energy will not run out during humanity’s
lifetime.
• These resources are considered to be wind,
water, and solar energy (Wright, 2004).
Assignment #2
• Please turn to the section in your
workbook entitled, “Unit Three, Chapter
Two – Energy.”
• Complete the extension questions under
the “Assignment #2” header before
moving onto the next section of slides.
BEFORE MOVING ON:
• Did you complete the “Assignment #2”
Section under the “Unit Two, Chapter
One – Energy” section of your workbook?
• If you have, please proceed to the next
slide.
Energy Conversion
• So far, we have defined and discussed energy
forms and sources.
• What we have said is that energy is
transformed…and it is through these four ways:
• Inexhaustible Energy Converters
• Renewable Energy Converters
• Thermal Energy Converters
• Electrical Energy Converters (Wright, 2004)
Inexhaustible Energy Converters
• In the earlier days, humans only had to power simple
technologies.
• Most of this was done by wind or water…and were
converted through devices known as prime movers
(Wright, 2004).
• One of the first prime movers was a sail. It takes the
inexhaustible wind resource, harnesses it, and converts
it into mechanical energy, pushing the boat forward.
• Specifically there are wind, water, and solar energy
converters known as the windmill, waterwheel, and
solar panels, respectively (Wright, 2004).
Renewable Energy Converters
• Renewable energy comes from these sources: forest
product industry, agriculture and food processing, and
municipal waste. These are all mainly waste
byproducts.
• Energy is converted through thermochemical or
biochemical means.
• Thermochemical conversion occurs due to a chemical
reaction caused by heat.
• Biochemical conversion occurs through biochemical
processes (chemical reactions caused by fungi,
enzymes, or microorganisms), anaerobic digestion (a
controlled decaying process without oxygen), or
fermentation (decomposing material with yeast) (Wright, 2004).
Thermal Energy Converters
• The industrial revolution used many types of heat
engines, but they have since been replaced by electric
motors.
• Consider that many of today’s heat engines are used
for transportation purposes and for other reasons such
as heating your house (Wright, 2004).
• For your car, the heat engine burns fuel to produce heat
and the heat is converted into mechanical energy.
These heat engines can be classified as either internal
or external combustion engines.
• Internal uses expanding gases produced by burning
fuel
• External uses steam (Wright, 2004).
Thermal Energy Converters
(continued)
• When using thermal energy converters to heat a space,
there are three types of heat transfers used:
• Conduction – movement of heat along a solid material
or between two solid materials that touch each other
and takes place without the flow of matter. This means
that energy moves from one area with a higher
temperature to the area with the lower one.
• Convection – the transfer of heat between fluids.
• Radiation – heat transfer using electromagnetic waves.
• Also consider heat production, which could be as
simple as burning wood in a fireplace to heat the
surrounding environment (Wright, 2004).
Electrical Energy Converters
• Electricity can be generated through different sources,
including:
• Hydroelectric Plant – a water powered plant where
dammed water is released through large pipes that turn
turbines.
• Steam Powered Plant – uses fossil fuels or nuclear
energy to produce steam to drive the generator's
turbine.
• Nuclear Power Plants – use atomic reactions which
produce steam to turn a turbine.
• Most electric plants have their resource turn a turbine,
generating electricity (Wright, 2004).
Assignment #3
• Please turn to the section in your
workbook entitled, “Unit Three, Chapter
Two – Energy.”
• Complete the extension questions under
the “Assignment #3” header before
moving onto the next section of slides.
BEFORE MOVING ON:
• Did you complete the “Assignment #3”
Section under the “Unit Three, Chapter
Two – Energy” section of your workbook?
• If you have, please proceed to the next
slide.
Chapter Two Completed!
• Please close this presentation and launch
the file entitled, “Chapter 3 – Using
Energy.”
References
• Wright, R. (2004) “Technology” The
Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.