Transcript Energy

Energy and matter
transformations in cells
Warm-up
Energy:
• What is the source of energy for all
ecosystems?
• What type of molecule is made by this
energy?
What powers a cell?
• Cells require energy to do work.
• This energy is stored in molecules
called “ATP”. Think of ATP as like a
little battery.
• ATP is used to by all cells to do work
Our guiding question
• The energy source for nearly all ecosystems is the sun
• The energy source for nearly all cellular processes is ATP
• How is energy from the sun
transformed and stored in molecules
of ATP to be used for cellular work?
P P P
Sun
ATP
Our guiding question
• We will learn the processes that convert
solar energy into other forms of energy and
eventually to ATP.
Some review of energy
terms/concepts
• Potential energy and Kinetic energy
• Energy cant be created or destroyed
but can be converted to other forms.
• Forms of energy:
– Nuclear, Mechanical, Gravitational,
Heat, Electrical, Sound, Light, Chemical
What are some examples of conversions
between these different forms?
Your cell phone is powered by
energy stored in water
How can you explain this?
• How did you charge the battery?
• Where does that electrical energy come
from?
• How is water used to generate the
electrical energy?
Apply the terms about energy correctly when
explaining the answer.
Your cell phone is powered by
energy stored in water
Dam
Reservoir
Generators
Cell phone charger
River
Energy transformations from water
in a reservoir to a cell phone
MORE
stored energy
Reservoir
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
ENERGY
to turn
through
generators
wires
River
LESS
stored energy
ELECTROCHEMICAL
ENERGY
stored
in
battery
Sending
and
receiving
calls;
lights &
ring tones
How does the reservoir get
“recharged”?
The energy stored in the water behind the
reservoir dam would run out if the water
were not returned to the reservoir
• How does water move from the river back
into the reservoir?
• What is the source of energy for this
process?
How does the reservoir get
“recharged”?
Precipitation
Dam
Reservoir
Cell phone charger
Evaporation
Generators
River
Energy and matter conversions that
power a cell phone
We’ll discuss energy and matter concepts in
this context and then apply them to
biology.
Water in the reservoir above the dam has
more stored energy (potential energy)
than water in the river below the dam
Reservoir
MORE
stored energy
Water in the reservoir above the dam has
more stored energy (potential energy)
than water in the river below the dam
River
LESS
stored energy
Water in the reservoir above the dam has
more stored energy (potential energy)
than water in the river below the dam
MORE
LESS
stored energy
stored energy
Reservoir
River
Water
above dam
Water
below dam
Water cycles between different
forms as energy is converted
MORE
stored energy
INPUT
ENERGY
HEAT
ENERGY
from the sun
Reservoir
Evaporation
& precipitation
River
LESS
stored energy
OUTPUT
ENERGY
MECHANICAL
KINETIC
ENERGY
to turn generators
Matter cycles as energy is transformed
MORE
stored energy
Reservoir
ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL
POTENTIAL
KINETIC
KINETIC
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
stored
to turn
through
in
generators
wires
battery
HEAT
ENERGY
from the sun
River
LESS
stored energy
Sending
and
receiving
calls;
lights &
ring tones
Heat energy from the sun
is transformed into
energy for powering a cell phone
HEAT
ENERGY
from the sun
Sending
and
receiving
calls;
lights &
ring tones
Conservation of matter
Matter is not created or destroyed
• The water does not disappear when it
absorbs heat energy and evaporates, it
simply changes form from liquid to gas
• Heat energy does not “turn into” water, it
simply allows water to change positions
from the river to above the dam
Matter cycles between different forms
How does energy for cell phones
relate to energy for living cells?
The principles governing matter and energy
transformations for cell phones…
HEAT
ENERGY
…are the same for energy and matter
transformations in living cells…
LIGHT
ENERGY
…and are the same for ALL systems!
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK
ATP and energy used by cells
• Cells use energy stored in the form of a molecule
called ATP
• All other sources of energy must be converted
and stored in molecules of ATP to be used by
cells
Consider the cell phone as an analogy:
• Cell phones only use electrical energy stored in
the battery
• All other sources of energy must be converted
and stored in the battery to be used by the phone
ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
What is ATP?
Adenine
Adenine
Phosphate groups
Ribose
Ribose
ADENOSINE
“A”
PHOSPHATE
“P”
P
ADENOSINE
“A”
PHOSPHATE
“P”
P
Adenosine (A)
1 phosphate (P)
“mono-phosphate”
P
Adenosine (A)
1 phosphate (P)
“mono-phosphate”
P
Adenosine (A)
2 phosphates (P)
“di-phosphate”
P
P
Adenosine (A)
1 phosphate (P)
“mono-phosphate”
P
P
Adenosine (A)
2 phosphates (P)
“di-phosphate”
P
Adenosine (A)
3 phosphates (P)
“tri-phosphate”
P
P
AMP
P
“mono-phosphate”
P
ADP
P
“di-phosphate”
P
P
P
ATP
“tri-phosphate”
Note: you do NOT need to memorize
names of these molecules
The molecular diagrams and names are to
help you visualize the processes and help
you put the concepts into a context
P
P
ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate)
P
Building ATP requires energy as an
INPUT
P
P
P
Breaking ATP releases energy as an
OUTPUT
P
P
Kinetic energy
P
ATP has more stored energy
(potential energy) than ADP
P
MORE
stored energy
P
P
ATP has more stored energy
(potential energy) than ADP
P
P
LESS
stored energy
P
ATP has more stored energy
(potential energy) than ADP
MORE
LESS
stored energy
stored energy
P
ATP
P
P
P
ADP
P
P
+
P
MORE
stored energy
P
P
P
ATP
OUTPUT
INPUT
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
ADP +
P
P
P
P
LESS
stored energy
MORE
stored energy
P
P
P
ATP
OUTPUT
INPUT
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
ADP +
P
P
P
P
LESS
stored energy
MORE
stored energy
P
P
P
ATP
INPUT
OUTPUT
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK
ADP +
P
P
P
P
LESS
stored energy
ATP cycles between ADP and ATP as chemical
energy is converted into energy for cellular work
P
P
P
INPUT
OUTPUT
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK
P
P
P
Conservation of matter
Matter is not created or destroyed
• The atoms do not disappear when ATP is
used for cellular work, they simply break
apart and rearrange into ADP and P
• Chemical energy does not “turn into” ATP,
it simply allows ADP and P to join together
and rearrange to build ATP
Matter cycles between different forms
What is glucose?
• Glucose is made of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen atoms
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Glucose
What is glucose?
• Plants and other producers break apart
carbon dioxide and water to build glucose.
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Glucose
What is glucose?
• To understand the energy relationships
between the different molecules, we will
first focus only on the carbon atoms
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Glucose
What is glucose?
• A hexagon is used to represent glucose
because of its shape
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Building glucose requires energy as
an INPUT
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
molecules
Breaking glucose releases energy as
an OUTPUT
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Glucose has more stored energy
(potential energy) than carbon dioxide
MORE
stored energy
Glucose has more stored energy
(potential energy) than carbon dioxide
LESS
stored energy
Glucose has more stored energy
(potential energy) than carbon dioxide
MORE
LESS
stored energy
stored energy
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
MORE
stored energy
Glucose
INPUT
OUTPUT
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
LIGHT
ENERGY
Carbon dioxide
LESS
stored energy
MORE
stored energy
Glucose
INPUT
OUTPUT
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
LIGHT
ENERGY
Carbon dioxide
LESS
stored energy
Carbon cycles between carbon
dioxide and glucose as light energy
is converted into chemical energy
INPUT
LIGHT
ENERGY
OUTPUT
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
Conservation of matter
Matter is not created or destroyed
• The carbon atoms do not disappear when
glucose is used for chemical energy, they
simply break apart and rearrange into
carbon dioxide
• Light energy does not “turn into” glucose, it
simply allows carbon atoms to join
together and rearrange to build glucose
Matter cycles between different forms
MORE
stored energy
Glucose
INPUT
OUTPUT
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
LIGHT
ENERGY
Carbon dioxide
LESS
stored energy
MORE
stored energy
P
P
P
ATP
INPUT
OUTPUT
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK
ADP +
P
P
P
P
LESS
stored energy
Matter cycles as energy is transformed
P P P
Glucose
ATP
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
LIGHT
ENERGY
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK
P P
Carbon dioxide
ADP + P
P
Light energy from the sun
is transformed into
energy for cellular work
LIGHT
ENERGY
ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR
WORK