Transcript 1-8 Body Cavities - HCC Learning Web

Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology
Lecture Presentation by
Lee Ann Frederick
University of Texas at Arlington
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Studying the Human
Body
• Learning Outcomes
• 1-1 Explain the importance of studying anatomy
and physiology.
• 1-2 Define anatomy and physiology, describe
the origins of anatomical and physiological
terms, and explain the significance of
Terminologia Anatomica (International
Anatomical Terminology).
• 1-3 Explain the relationship between anatomy
and physiology, and describe various
specialties of each discipline.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Studying the Human
Body
• Learning Outcomes
• 1-4 Identify the major levels of organization in
organisms, from the simplest to the most
complex, and identify major components of
each organ system.
• 1-5 Explain the concept of homeostasis.
• 1-6 Describe how negative feedback and
positive feedback are involved in homeostatic
regulation, and explain the significance of
homeostasis.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Studying the Human
Body
• Learning Outcomes
• 1-7 Use anatomical terms to describe body
regions, body sections, and relative positions.
• 1-8 Identify the major body cavities and their
subdivisions, and describe the functions
of each.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-7 Anatomical Terminology
• Superficial Anatomy
• Anatomical landmarks
• References to palpable structures
• Anatomical regions
• Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Abdominopelvic regions
• Anatomical directions
• Reference terms based on subject
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology
 Anatomical position:
Body upright
Standing erect facing the observer
Head and eyes facing forward
Feet are flat on the floor, slightly apart, and
forward
Upper limbs to the sides
Palms turned forward and thumbs point away
from body.
Medical Terminology
Prone position
body is lying face down
Supine position
Body is lying face up
Directional Terms
Describe the position of one body part relative to another
Superior and inferior--- toward (above, top) and
away (below, bottom) from the head, respectively
Anterior (Ventral) and posterior (Dorsal) –
toward the front and back of the body,
respectively.
Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the
midline, away from the midline, and between a
more medial and lateral structure
Directional Terms
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from
the origin of the body part ( or to the attachment
of a limb to the trunk)
Superficial and deep – toward and away from
the body surface
Directional Terms
 Ipsilateral:
 Same side of the body
 Contralateral:
 Opposite side of the body
This arm is
ipsilateral to this leg
This leg is
contralateral to
this arm
Figure 1-7 Directional References.
Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)
Right
Superior
The head is superior to the knee.
Cranial or Cephalic
Toward the head
Left
The cranial, or cephalic, border of
the pelvis is superior to the thigh.
Proximal
Toward an
attached base
The shoulder is
proximal to the
wrist.
Lateral
Medial
Away
from the
midline
Toward
the
midline
Posterior or Dorsal
Anterior or Ventral
Posterior: The back
surface
Anterior: The front
surface
Ventral: The belly
side. (equivalent to
anterior when
referring to the human
body)
The umbilicus (navel)
is on the
anterior (or ventral)
surface of the trunk.
Dorsal: The back.
(equivalent to posterior
when referring to the
human body)
The scapula (shoulder
blade) is located
posterior
to the rib cage.
Proximal
Caudal
Distal
Toward the tail;
(coccyx in
humans)
The hips are
caudal to the
waist.
Away from an
attached base
The fingers are
distal to the
wrist.
OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superficial
Distal
At, near, or relatively close
to the body surface
The skin is superficial to
underlying structures.
Deep
Toward the interior of the
body; farther from the surface
a Anterior view
Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet
The bone of the thigh is deep
to the surrounding skeletal
muscles.
The knee is inferior to the hip.
b Lateral view
Inferior
Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2).
Frontal or
forehead
Nasal or nose
Ocular, orbital
or eye
Cranial
or skull
Cephalic or head
Facial
or face
Oral or mouth
Mental or chin
Buccal or cheek
Cervical or neck
Thoracic or
thorax, chest
Axillary or armpit
Mammary
or breast
Brachial
or arm
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Umbilical
or navel
Antecubital
or front of
elbow
a Anterior view
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Otic or ear
Trunk
Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2).
Antebrachial
or forearm
Pelvic
(pelvis)
Trunk
Carpal or wrist
Palmar or palm
Manual
or hand
Digits
Pollex
or thumb (phalanges)
or fingers (digital
or phalangeal)
Inguinal
or groin
Pubic
(pubis)
Patellar
or kneecap
Femoral
or thigh
Crural
or leg
Tarsal or
ankle
Digits (phalanges)
or toes (digital or
phalangeal)
Hallux or
great toe
Pedal
or foot
a Anterior view
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Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2).
Cephalic
or head
Acromial or
shoulder
Dorsal or
back
Cervical
or neck
Olecranal
or back
of elbow
Upper
limb
b Posterior view
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Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2).
Lumbar
or loin
Upper
limb
Gluteal
or buttock
Lower
limb
Popliteal or
back of knee
Sural
or calf
Calcaneal or
heal of foot
Plantar or
sole of foot
b Posterior view
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Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
Right Upper
Quadrant
(RUQ)
Left Upper
Quadrant
(LUQ)
Right Lower
Quadrant
(RLQ)
Left Lower
Quadrant
(LLQ)
a Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four
abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two
perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The
terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are
most often used in clinical discussions.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right lumbar
region
Right
inguinal
region
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Umbilical
region
Left lumbar
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left inguinal
region
b Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic
regions provide more precise regional descriptions.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Spleen
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
c Anatomical relationships. The relationship between
the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the
locations of the internal organs are shown here.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-7 Anatomical Terminology
• Sectional Anatomy
• Planes and sections:
imaginary surfaces that pass through the body
parts.
• Plane: a three-dimensional axis
• Section: a slice (cut) parallel to a plane
• Used to visualize internal organization and
structure
• Important in radiological techniques
• MRI
• PET
• CT
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Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes.
Sagittal plane
Frontal or coronal
plane
Plane is oriented parallel to
long axis
Plane is oriented
parallel to long axis
A sagittal section separates
right and left portions. You
examine a sagittal section,
but you section sagittally.
A frontal, or coronal,
section separates
anterior and
posterior portions of
the body. Coronal
usually refers to
sections passing
through the skull.
In a midsagittal section, the
plane passes through the
midline. It separates the
body into equal right and
left sides.
Directional term:
frontally or coronally
Midsagittal plane
A parasagittal section
misses the midline. It
separates the body into
unequal right and left sides.
Directional term: sagittally
Transverse, or
horizontal, plane
Plane is oriented
perpendicular to long axis
Frontal plane
Transverse plane
(inferior view)
A transverse, or cross,
section separates
superior and inferior
portions of the body.
Directional term:
transversely or horizontally
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Planes
 Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
 Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the
midline
 Parasagittal – divides the body into unequal right and left.
 Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts
 Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the
body into superior and inferior parts
 Oblique section – cuts made diagonally, (at angle)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-8 Body Cavities
• Essential Functions of Body Cavities
1. Protect organs from accidental shocks
2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal
organs
• Dorsal Body Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
• Divided by the diaphragm
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1-8 Body Cavities
 Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is
divided into two subdivisions
Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain
Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column;
encases the spinal cord
 Ventral cavity houses the internal organs
(viscera), and is divided by the diaphragm into
two subdivisions
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic
1-8 Body Cavities
• Serous Membranes
• Line body cavities and cover internal organs
• Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
• Parietal layer — lines cavity
• Visceral layer — covers organ (attaches to the
surface of organ)
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1-8
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity: is formed by the ribs, muscle of
the chest, sternum (breastbone), and the
vertebral column.
Is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the
mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities – two fluid-filled spaces, each
houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity;
surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – fluid-filled space encloses
the heart.
Figure 1-9a Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
a
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A lateral view showing the body cavities
of the trunk. The muscular diaphragm
subdivides them into a superior thoracic
cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic
cavity. Three of the four adult true body
cavities are shown and outlined in red;
only one of the two pleural cavities can
be shown in a sagittal section.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-9b Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.
Visceral
pericardium
Heart
Pericardial
cavity
Air space
Balloon
Parietal
pericardium
b The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed
into a balloon. The attachment site, corresponding to the wrist
of the hand, lies at the connection between the heart and
major blood vessels. The width of the pericardial cavity is
exaggerated here; normally the visceral and parietal layers
are separated only by a thin layer of pericardial fluid.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-9c Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.
ANTERIOR
Pericardial
cavity
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Heart
Right
lung
Left
lung
Mediastinum
Spinal cord
POSTERIOR
c A transverse section through the thoracic cavity, showing the central
location of the pericardial cavity. The mediastinum and pericardial cavity
lie between the two pleural cavities. Note that this transverse or crosssectional view is oriented as though the observer were standing at the
subject’s feet and looking toward the subject’s head. This inferior view of
a transverse section is the standard presentation for clinical images.
Unless otherwise noted, transverse or cross-sectional views in this text
use this same orientation (see Spotlight Figure 1-10).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
 The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the
superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
 It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines,
spleen, liver, and most of the large intestine.
– Peritoneal cavity: chamber within abdominopelvic cavity
• Parietal peritoneum: lines the internal body wall
• Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the
bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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1-8 Body Cavities
Retroperitoneal space:
• Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to
muscular body wall
• Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and
parts of the digestive tract
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart
and lungs)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Diaphragm
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Key:
Pelvic cavity
(contains bladder,
reproductive organs,
and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
(a) Lateral view
Key:
Cranial
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart
and lungs)
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains bladder,
reproductive organs,
and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Ventral
body cavity
(thoracic
and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Descriptive Terms
 Visceral: Pertaining to a covering over an organ
 Parietal: Pertaining to a covering against a cavity
wall
Parietal
Visceral
Cavity Membranes
 Viscera
Organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities
Serous membrane is a thin, slippery, doublelayered membrane that covers the viscera
Parts of the serous membrane:
 Parietal layer
Lines the wall of the cavities
 Visceral layer
Covers the viscera within the cavities
Serous fluid separates the serosae.
Thoracic and abdominal cavity membranes
Pleura: serous membrane of the pleural cavities
Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs
Parietal pleura lines the chest wall
Pericardium: serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium covers the heart
Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall
Peritoneum: serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera
Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall
Medical imaging
Techniques and procedures used to create
images of the human body
Allow visualization of structures inside the body
Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological
disorders
Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in
use since the late 1940’s
Radiography
X-Ray:
produce image of interior structures
Inexpensive and quick
Hollow structures appear black
Do not pass easily through dense structure
(bone).
At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast
mammography), also for bone densitometry.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
High energy magnetic field
Protons in body fluid align with
field
Color image on a video monitor
2D and 3D blueprint
Relatively safe procedure
Not used on patients containing
metal
Used for differentiating normal
and abnormal tissues
Tumors, brain abnormalities,
blood flow
Computed Tomography (CT-scan)
3 D, more details then X-Rays.
Lung and kidney cancers, coronary artery
disease.
Ultrasound Scanning

High frequency sound waves



Sonogram
Noninvasive, painless, no dyes
Pregnancy (fetus)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
 Positron (positively charged particles) emitting
substance injected into the body
Collision between positrons and negatively charged
electron in body tissues
Gamma rays produced
Computer constructed a PET scan image in color
Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism)
Endoscopy
Endoscope: lighted instrument with lens and Image
projected onto a monitor.
Colonoscopy
Interior of colon
Laparoscopy
Organs in abdominopelvic cavity
Arthroscopy
Interior of joint (knee)