Transcript Presentation

Chapter 1 –
The Human Body:
An Orientation
J.F. Thompson, Ph.D.
Anatomy and Physiology Overview
I. Anatomy and Physiology
A. Anatomy – structure – how it is constructed
B. Physiology – function - how it works
II. Topics of Anatomy
A. Gross anatomy
B. Regional anatomy
C. Systemic anatomy*
D.Surface anatomy
E. Microscopic anatomy
 cytology – internal cell structure
 histology – tissues composed of different cell types*
F. Developmental anatomy
Anatomy and Physiology Overview
I. Topics of Physiology
at the System Level
A. Neurophysiology
B. Renal
C. Cardiovascular
D.Respiratory
E. Endocrine
F. Muscle
G.Gastrointestinal
H.Reproductive
II. Topics of Physiology at
various Organizational
Levels
A. Cellular Physiology
B. Animal Physiology
C. Pathophysiology
Essential Concepts: The Complimentarity of
Structure and Function
I. Function dependent on Structure:
A. mineral deposits harden – bones & teeth
B. valves in heart – keep blood flow unidirectional
II. Function is also specific to Location
A. cartilage is flexible and smooth– ears, nose, joints
B. actin/myosin interacts in muscle fibers
C. hairs – skin, scalp, axillae, nose, etc.
The Language of Anatomy
I.
Anatomical position: a constant reference point
II. Directional terms: Table 1.1, pg. 13
III. Regional terms:
Figure 1.7, pg. 14
A. Axial
B. Appendicular
Figure 1.7A Regional terms for body areas
Figure 1.7B Regional terms for body areas
Pg 5 Levels of Structural Organization
I. Chemical
II. Cellular
III.Tissue
IV.Organ
V. Organ System
VI. Organismal
Essential Concepts: The Hierarchy of
Structural Organization
1. Chemical (simplest structure)
A. Atoms & bonds
• Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen…
B. Molecules
small inorganic
small organic
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
• Water, carbon dioxide
Example: Atoms= hydrogen, oxygen
Molecules= carbon dioxide, water
Essential Concepts: The Hierarchy of
Structural Organization
2. Cellular level –
A.
B.
Cells – the basic structural and
functional units of the organism
Cells are specialized for particular
functions, e.g.,
•
Very in size and shape reflecting their
function
•
muscle cells are specialized for
contracting
Example: Animal cells contain organelles
-nucleus
-ribosomes
Essential Concepts: The Hierarchy of
Structural Organization
3. Tissue level (more than 1 cell)




Groups of different cell types cooperate to
perform specific functions
Epithelium tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
4. Organ level - two or more different tissue
types are organized to perform specific
functions
Example: Skin contains: epidermis & dermis
Example: Heart contains: muscle tissue, fibrous
tissue, adipose (fat) tissue, and nervous tissue
skeletal muscle tissue
Essential Concepts: The Hierarchy of
Structural Organization
5. Organ system level connected organs that
cooperate in related function(s)
Example: Skeletal system
contains: joints, bones, and
cartilage
Example: cardiovascular
system contains: the heart
and vessels
The Digestive System
Essential Concepts: The Hierarchy of
Structural Organization
6. Organismal level - all of the
organ systems working together to
maintain life (maintain
homeostasis)
Example: the skeletal system
provides support and structure for
the muscular system which
produces movement
Example: the blood transports
hormones throughout the body
(cardiovascular and the endocrine systems)
Example: the Respiratory System
brings in oxygen that the
cardiovascular system uses and
transports to the body
Pg 6 Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
2 or more organ systems
2 or more organs
2 or more tissues
2 or more cells
2 or more chemicals
organismal
organ system
organ
complex
Adding
structures
and functions
tissue
cellular
chemical
simple/basic
Summary: (summarize what this diagram is saying)
Pg 7 & 8 Body system
structures and functions
1. Cut out the people diagrams and paste them onto pg
7-8.
2. Label each person with a system name
(integumentary)
3. Above, below, or beside each person list the functions
of each system using singular words
1. Example: Integumentary System: * support/protection
* waterproofing
* temp regulation
* sensory receptors
2. Use pages 3-7 in the white books;
Use pages 9-10 in the brown books
Pg 9 Body Systems Web
Fill in the blank with the
words in the word bank
On the back of the web
Write a summary of 2 different systems using complete
sentences. Include their functions and their structures.
•Summary A/System 1
•Summary B/System 2
Necessary Life Functions
1) Maintaining Boundaries - keeping the inside separate/different
from the outside
2) Movement - motion of the whole body, individual cells,
organelles or material inside the body/cells
A.
B.
C.
D.
walking/running
food moving from the mouth throughout the GI tract
white blood cells patrolling the body to fight infection
mitochondria moving in the cell in response to oxygen
3) Responsiveness – detecting and responding to changes in the
internal/external environments
A. nerve cells
B. muscle cells
C. endocrine cells
Necessary Life Functions
4) Digestion - breaking down ingested food to simple
molecules to be absorbed
5) Metabolism - all biochemical processes in the body
A. catabolism – breakdown reactions
B. anabolism – synthetic reactions
6) Excretion - removing wastes from the body
7) Reproduction - formation of new cells for growth,
repair, replacement or a new organism
8) Growth
A. increase in size, complexity
B. due to increased cell number or increased cell size
Pg 10 Necessary
life Functions
Life Functions Through Multiple Systems
Life Functions
Responsibilities
regulates what comes into and out of the
Maintaining Boundaries body
Movement
walking,
and propulsion of fluids throughout the body
Responsiveness
since and respond to any change
Digestion
breaking down food to be absorbed
Metabolism
using smaller molecules to make larger,
making ATP
Excretion
removal of harmful substances and waste
Reproduction
producing new organisms
Growth
increase in size and number of cells
Systems Involved (list all systems involved)
Survival Needs
I. Things required for an organism’s survival
A. Nutrients
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D.Normal body temperature
E. Atmospheric pressure – for gas exchange
II. All, except E above, must be maintained within fairly
narrow ranges
Essential Concept: Homeostasis
I. Homeostasis is the ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the outside world
changes continuously
II. Important for maintaining physiological limits
A. multiple organs and systems are working all the time
B. cells and organs need a relatively constant internal
environment for survival
C. the internal environment stays within those limits due
to the stability of body fluid composition
Pg 11 Homeostasis and feedback
Three Basic Components:
1. Receptor
A. detects change in a
variable
(stimulus/stress)
B. sends input
(information) to a
control center
2. Control Center
A. assesses input; sends
output to effector(s)
3. Effector
A. causes response, i.e., an
“effect” which is
triggered by output
brain
Negative Feedback Control
I. Results in a return to
homeostatic
equilibrium because
the response
reduces stimulus
(stress)
II. Examples:
A. Regulation of blood
glucose
B. Regulation of body
temperature
C. Most other
physiological
mechanisms
Positive Feedback Control
I.
Results in a shift to a new
homeostatic equilibrium
because the response
increases the stimulus level
(stress) [“snowball effect”]
II. Examples:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Blood clotting
Pregnancy/Childbirth
Immune responses
A few others
III. Most are responses to special
conditions resulting in a new,
temporary physiologic state
Homeostatic Imbalances
I.
Pathological processes with a particular set of
characteristics in which some or all parts of the
body are not functioning correctly
A.
diseases or injuries may be local or systemic
B.
different systemic changes are present and may
suggest a cause


symptoms - subjective changes in body function, not
observable; reported by the individual, e.g., pain
signs - objective changes which are observable, e.g.,
temperature, pulse
Pg Directional Terms
Term
definition
Table 1.1B Orientation & Directional Terms
Table 1.1C Orientation & Directional Terms
Pg 12
Term
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Intermediate
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
DirectionalTerms
Definition
Example
Pg 13 Body Planes and Cavities
1.
2.
3.
4.
Parasagittal Plane=
Frontal Plane=
Midsagittal Plane=
Transverse (cross) Plane=
Pg 13 Body planes and
Cavities (continued)
I. Dorsal body cavity
A. cranial
B. vertebral or spinal
II. Ventral body cavity
A. thoracic
 pleural
 mediastinum
B. Abdominopelvic
 abdominal
 pelvic
Membranes in the Ventral Cavity
I.
II.
Like a “Fist in a balloon”
Membrane inside a membrane with a narrow
enclosed space in between
A. parietal


B.
the outer membrane
on the body wall
visceral


the inner membrane
on the organ wall
C. space filled with watery fluid
III. Body cavity lined with serous membrane
(serosa) which produces the serous fluid
IV. Membrane named depending on its position,
and the cavity’s organs inside
A. parietal pericardium
B. visceral pericardium
Pg 14 Body Quadrants and Regions
•4 Quadrants
•Doctors divide torso into quadrants to describe the site of pain and/or locate internal pathology (tumor)
•
•
1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
•
2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
•
3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
•
4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
•36
Pg 14 body quadrants and regions
(continued)
•
cartilage
below
1. Right hypochondriac
above
9 regions
stomach
2. Epigastric
3. Left hypochondriac
4. Right lumbar
5. Umbilical
6. Left lumbar
7. Right iliac
Superior hip bone
8. Hypogastric
9. Left iliac
•37
Pg 14 Body Quadrants and Regions
(continued)
Abdominal Region
•
Superficial Organs
1. Right hypochondriac – right lobe of liver, gallbladder
2. Epigastric – right and left lobes of liver, stomach
3. Left hypochondriac – stomach, large intestine
•
•
4. Right lumbar – large and small intestine
5. Umbilical – transverse colon, small intestine
•
6. Left lumbar – small intestine, colon
•
7. Right iliac – cecum, appendix
•
8. Hypogastric – small intestine, bladder, appendix
•
9. Left iliac – colon, small intestine
•40
Region Examples
Write the following and fill in the blank
1. The ___________region is intermediate to the
right and left hypochondriac region.
2. The ____________ is inferior to the right lumbar
region.
3. The _____________ region is superior to the
hypogastric region.
4. The ___________region is medial to the left iliac
region.
5. Name the four main body cavities in order from
inferior to superior
End of Chapter 1