Transcript Zoology 2100 Human Anatomy

+
Anatomical
Terms
Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy
Chapter 1.2
Anatomic variation
Not
everyone is exactly the
same
Different
races, hair color, eye color,
sex, height, body type etc.
People have different anatomy!
What
Male:
is “normal” or “average”?
22 years old, 70 Kg (154 Lbs)
Female: 22 years old, 58 Kg (128 Lbs)
+
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
Used
to describe the “location” or
“direction” of one organ compared
to another
More “scientific”
way of saying that
your heart is
“above your
stomach, and in
front of your lungs”
+
Anatomical position
-
Standing straight up, feet
flat on the ground, arms at
your side, and palms
facing forward
- It is from this position that
the rest of the anatomical
terms will be derived
Directional Terms
Superior:
“above”
something else
“Your brain is superior
to your heart”
Inferior:
“below”
something else
“your kidneys are
inferior to your lungs”
+
Anterior
(Ventral):
towards your front
• Your nose is anterior
to your ears.
•Posterior/Dorsal:
towards your back
• Your ears are
posterior to your
nose.
Let’s Review
•
The nails are ______ (dorsal or
ventral) in the anatomical position.
ANSWER: Dorsal - recall that the
anatomical position calls for your
palms to face forward…your nails
would face your back
•
The sternum is ____ (superior or
inferior) to your mouth.
ANSWER: Inferior
Proximal:
closer to the trunk
or attachment point
 The
elbow is proximal to the
shoulder.
 The knee is proximal to the hip.
Distal:
Farther from the trunk
or attachment point
 The
wrist is distal to the shoulder.
 The ankle is distal to the hip.
+
 Central
– toward the
brain or spinal cord
 The
spinal cord is
central to the limbs
 Peripheral
– away
from the brain or
spinal cord (toward
the limbs)
 The
arms are
peripheral to the
spinal cord
Superficial:
Close to the
body surface (when looking
from the inside towards the
skin)
“You can see superficial
bruises because they’re on
the surface”
Deep:
Closer to the inside of
the body (farther from the
surface of the body)
“Bones are deep to the
muscle”
Medial
- Towards the middle
“Your heart is medial to your
lungs”
“Your nose is medial to your
ears”
Lateral:
Away from the middle
(towards a side)
“Your arms are lateral to your
heart”
“Your ears are lateral to your
nose”
 Supine
= Body laying face up
 “when you are laying on your back
you are supine”
 Prone = Body laying face down
 “when you are laying on stomach
you are prone”
+
Planes of the Body
+
Planes of the Body
Imaginary flat surface
passing through the body
Planes are often used in
directions for dissections
or as reference in figures
+
Sagittal (Median) Plane
Divides into left and right
portions
Midsaggital plane passes through the
midline of the body
Parasaggital plane – a cut
that does not pass
through the midline
+
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides body
into anterior
and posterior
sections
+
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
Divides the
body into
superior and
inferior portions
Divides the
body
horizontally
+
Regions of the Body
+
Axial Region – Cephalic (Head)
 ANTERIOR
 Cephalic
- head
 Frontal – forehead
 Orbital – eye
 Buccal – cheek
 Mental – chin
 Facial – on your face
 POSTERIOR
 Occipital
+
Axial Region – Cervical (Neck)
Cervical: front
of your
neck
Nuchal: back
neck
of your
+
Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic

ANTERIOR

Celiac - abdomen

Mammary – breast

Sternal - area in the center of
your chest, the sternum

Pectoral - area around your
breast

Costal - ribs

Inguinal – groin

Genital – reproductive organs

Coxal - hip
Mammary
(breast)
Costal
(rib)
Celiac
(abdomen)
+
Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic
 POSTERIOR
 Dorsum: the
back
 Vertebral: area
(on your back)
of your spine
 Interscapular: area
between
both of your shoulder blades
(on your back)
 Lumbar: lower
back
 Sacral: between
hips
 Perineal: between
the anus
and the pubic arch
Interscapul
ar (between
shoulder
blades)
+
Appendicular Region – Upper Limb
 Acromial
 Brachial
- point of shoulder
- arm
 Antecubital
 Cubital
– front of elbow
- elbow
 Antebrachium
 Palmer
- palm
 Axillary
 Digital
- forearm
- Armpit
- fingers
Axillary
(armpit
)
Digital
(fingers)
Antebrachiu
m (forearm)
+
Appendicular Region – Lower Limb
Gluteal – buttocks
Femoral – thigh
Popliteal – back of knee
Patellar – knee
Cural – leg
Plantar – sole of foot
Pedal – foot
+
Body Cavities
+
Body Cavities
Anterior Cavity
Posterior Cavity

cranial
cavity &
vertebral cavity
thoracic cavity &
abdominopelvic cavity
 diaphragm
(a muscle)
separates the two
cavities
+Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity
Cranial Cavity
Skull
brain
encloses the
Vertebral Cavity
Vertebrae
enclose the
spinal cord
+
Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
•Pleural Cavity – lungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
•Pericardial Cavity – heart
•Abdominal Cavity – digestive
organs, kidneys
•Mediastinum – thymus,
vessels from heart
•Pelvic Cavity – bladder, rectum,
reproductive organs
+
Posterior
Cranial
Thoracic
Diaphragm
Vertebral
Abdominal
Pelvic