Transcript females

Pelvis and Contents
Reproductive Organs
Bones of the Pelvis
•Pelvic / hip girdle
–Function:
•Attaches the lower limbs to
spine
•Supports the viscera of the
pelvis
•Transmits the weight of the
upper body
–Contents:
•Paired hip bones (coxal bone)
–Unite with each other
anteriorly and with the sacrum
posteriorly
–Bony pelvis:
•Os coxae, sacrum and coccyx
Use lab work to learn bony landmarks of pelvis
pg 366
Os Coxae
•Each pelvic bone
during childhood:
–Ilium
•Superior region
–Ishium
•Posteroinferior region
–Pubis
•Anterior region
pg 366, 381
pg 380
True and False Pelves
•Separated by the pelvic brim
•False Pelvis
–Superior to the pelvic brim
–Iliac blades
–contains abdominal organs
–attachment for muscles and
ligaments to body wall
•True Pelvis
–Inferior to the pelvic brim
–Space contains
•part colon
•rectum
•bladder
•uterus/ovaries (females)
pg 366
•Pelvic Diaphragm
–levator ani and
coccygeus muscles
–Supports pelvic organs
–Seals inferior opening
of bony pelvis
–Lifts to help release
feces during defecation
pg 392
Sexual Dimorphism
•Females
–Tilted forward
–Cavity is broad,
shallow
–Pelvic inlet oval and
outlet round
–Bones are lighter,
thinner
–Pubic angle larger
–Ischial tuberosities
shorter, more everted
–Coccyx more
moveable, straighter
pg 386
•Males
–Cavity is narrow,
deep
–Smaller inlet and
outlet
–Bones heavier,
thicker
–Pubic angle more
acute
–Ischial tuberosities
longer, face more
medially
–Coccyx less
moveable, more
curved
Perineum
•Anus and external genitalia
•Diamond shaped
–Pubic symphysis anteriorly
–Ischial tuberosities laterally
–Coccyx posteriorly
•Females:
–External genitalia
–Anus
•Males:
–Scrotum
–Root of penis
–Anus
pg 443-4
Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs
• Begin at week 5 as masses of
gonadal ridges
– Develop into the gonads
• Sexually indifferent!
• Both ducts are present in embryo,
but only one develops:
– Male
• Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
• Vas deferens, epididymis
– Female
• Paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts
• Uterus, oviduct, vagina
External genitalia develops from same structures
• Embryonic structure
– Labioscrotal swelling
– Urethral folds
– Genital tubercle
Male
Scrotum
Penile Urethra
Penis
Female
Labia major
Labia minor
Clitoris
www.bionalogy.com
Descent of the Gonads
•Male Development:
–Testes partially descend at 3
months, finish at 7 months
•Enter the scrotum
–Vaginal process
•Outpocketing of the peritoneal
cavity
•Eventually closes off
•Forms tunica vaginalis
–Gubernaculum
•Fibrous cord
•Extends from the testis to floor of
scrotal sac
–Final teste descent:
•Shortening of gubernaculum
•Increase in intra-abdominal
pressure
•Testosterone stimulation
Descent of the Gonads
• Female Development
– Descend only into the pelvis
• Broad ligament blocks further descent
– Gubernaculum
• Guides ovaries
• Attached to labia major
• Becomes:
– Round ligament of the uterus (inferior portion)
– Ovarian ligament (superior portion)
– Vaginal process
• Outpocketing of peritoneum guides descent
Puberty
• Between ages 10 and 15
• Reproductive organs grow to their
adult size
– Reproduction becomes possible
• Changes occur due to the increase in
reproductive hormones in each
individual
– Testosterone in males
– Estrogens in females
Dimporhism at Puberty
•Males
–Age 13
–Enlargement of the
testes and scrotum
–Secondary sex
characteristics
•Appearance of pubic,
axillary, and facial hair
•Enlargement of larynx
•Oily skin
–Increase in body size
and musculature
•Females
–Age 11
–Budding of breasts
–Secondary sex
characteristics
•Increase in
subcutaneous fat (hips
and breasts)
•Widening and lightening
of the bones
•Oily skin
•Hair in pubic and
axillary region
–Menarche
•Menstruation
•Happens 1-2 years later
Reproductive System
•Overall function is to produce offspring
•Genitalia = sex organs
–Primary = Gonads
•Ovaries, testes
•Produce the sex cells / gametes
–Sperm, eggs
•Secrete sex hormones
–Secondary = Accessory
•Glands, ducts, external genitalia
•Nourish and transport of gametes
Male Reproductive System
•Primary sex organ
–Gonads = testes
•Lie in the scrotum
•Sperm-producing
•Secondary sex organs
–External Genitalia
•Penis
•Scrotum
–Ducts
•Epididymis
–Efferent ductules
–Duct of epididymis
•Vas deferens
–Ejaculatory duct
•Urethra
–Glands
•Seminal vesicle
•Prostate
•Bulbourethral
pg 365
Scrotum
pg 375
•Sac of skin and fascia
•Hangs at the root of the
penis
•Contains the testes
•Septum in midline divides
right and left halves
•Muscles:
–Dartos
•Inside skin of scrotum
•Smooth muscle
•Responsible for wrinkling of
scrotal skin (warms)
–Cremaster
•Extends into scrotum from
spermatic cord
–Fibers from internal oblique
•Skeletal muscle
•Responsible for elevating and
lowering the testes (warming
and cooling)
Testes
•Lie within the scrotum
•Tunica vaginalis
–Light sac partly covering
each testes
•Tunica albuginea
–Fibrous capsule of the
testes
–Deep to tunica vaginalis
–Divides testes into
lobules
•Lobules contain
seminiferous tubules
pg 408
Reproductive Duct System
•Seminiferous tubules
–“sperm factories”
–Location of
spermatogenesis
–Converge into…….
•Tubulus rectus
–Straight tube that
conveys sperm into….
•Rete testis
–Lead to the……
•Efferent ductules
–Lead to epididymis ….
pg 408
Reproductive Duct System
• Epididymis
– Site of sperm maturation
– Smooth muscle layer leads to ejaculation
– Contains:
• Head
– Contain the efferent ductules
» tube from rete testes to duct of epididymis
– Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
• Body and Tail
– Duct of epididymis
» Highly coiled
» Leads into the vas deferens
– Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
» Resorb testicular fliud
» Transfer nutrients and secretions to sperm stored in
the epididymis
Reproductive Duct System
• Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
– Stores and transports sperm during ejaculation
– Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
• ED then runs within the prostate gland and empties
into the prostatic urethra
– Layers:
•
•
•
•
Pseudostratified epithelium
Lamina propria
Thick muscularis
Adventitia
– Vasectomy
pg 365, 408
erl.pathology.iupui.edu
• Cut vas deferns, close off ends
• Sperm STILL produced, but cannot exit the body
• Reversible sometimes!
Reproductive Duct System
pg 235
•Spermatic Cord
–Collective name for structures associated with the scrotum
–Passes through inguinal canal
–Includes
•Vas Deferens
•Testicular arteries and veins (pampiniform plexus)
•Lymphatic vessels
•Cremaster muscle fibers
•Nerves
Cell Division
• Mitosis
– Events in which replicated DNA of original cell
is divided into 2 new cells
– Cell division with chromosome duplication and
division 2 daughter cells = parent
• Have Diploid = 2n number of chromosomes
• Occurs in body (somatic) cells
• Meiosis = Reductional division
– Events that reduce the number of
chromosomes (1/2 of the parent)
– Have Haploid = n number of chromosomes
– Occurs in sex cells
Spermatogenesis
faculty.sunydutchess.edu
• Production of sperm
• Stages:
– Stem cells = Spermatogonia (2n)
– Mitosis
• Formation of 2 daughter cells
– Type A become precursor cells (2n)
– Type B become primary spermatocytes (2n)
– Meiosis
• Primary spermatocytes undergo Meiosis I
– 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)
• Secondary spermatocytes undergo Meiosis II
– 4 spermatids (n)
– Spermiogenesis
• Spermatids differentiate into sperm
• Sperm cell (spermatozoan)
– Head (acrosome), tail and midpiece
– Controlled by FSH (pituitary gland) and testosterone (testes)
Within Seminiferous Tubules
• Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells)
–
–
–
–
–
Surround the spermatogenic cells in the lumen
Provide nutrients to spermatogenic cells
Move cells toward tubule lumen
Secrete testicular fluid
Phagocytize cytoplasm shed by developing
spermatids
– Secrete Androgen-binding protein (concentrates
testosterone)
– Secrete Inhibin (hormone slows rate of sperm
production)
• Blood-testis barrier
– In tight junctions between the sustentacular cells
– Prevent escape of membrane antigens from sperm
into the bloodstream
Within Seminiferous Tubules
• Myoid cells
– Layers of smooth muscle cells
– Contract to squeeze sperm thru tubules
and out of testis
• Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
– Make and secrete male sex hormone
(androgens)
– In CT between tubules
Accessory Glands
•Seminal Vesicles (2)
–Lie on posterior surface of the bladder
–Joins the vas deferens to form an ejaculator duct
–Contracts during ejaculation to empty
–Secretion contains:
•Fructose to nourish sperm
•Prostaglandins to stimulate contraction of the uterus
•Suppress immune response in females
•Sperm motility enhancers
•Enzymes that clot ejaculated semen in vagina, then liquefy it so
sperm can swim out
pg 365
Accessory Glands
•Prostate gland
–Inferior to bladder, anterior to
rectum
–Encircles the first part of the
urethra
–Contracts during ejaculation
–Secretion contains:
•Substances that enhance
sperm motility
•Enzymes that liquefy
ejaculated sperm
•Bulbourethral gland (2)
–Inferior to prostate gland
–Within urogenital diaphragm
–Empties into spongy urethra
–Produce a mucus
•Neutralize urine in urethra
•Lubricate semen for passage
pg 365
Penis
•Male external genitalia
•Delivers sperm into the female
reproductive tract
•Anatomy:
–Root
•Attached end
•Crura
–Anchored to pubic arch, covered
by ischiocavernosus muscle
•Bulb
–Secured to urogenital diaphragm
–Body / Shaft
•Free; not attached
–Glans penis
•Enlarged tip
–Prepuce / Foreskin
•Loose cuff around glans
–Spongy urethra
•Tube within penis
pg 439
Penis
•Erectile bodies
–3 cylindrical bodies around the spongy urethra
–Thick tube covered by DCT
•Filled with smooth muscle, CT, and vascular spaces
–Corpus spongiosum
•Midventral erectile body
•Distally forms the glans penis
•Proximally forms the bulb of the penis
–Corpora cavernosa
•Paired, dorsal erectile bodies
•Proximal ends are the crura of the penis (crus)
–Covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
•Make up most of the mass of the penis
pg 439
Penis Innervation and Vasculature
•Arterial supply
–Branches of internal pudendal
•Innervation
–Branches of pudendal from
sacral plexus provides sensory
innervation
•Parasympathetic
–Engorgement of blood in
erectile bodies = erection
•Sympathetic
–Contraction of smooth
muscle in ducts and glands
and bulbospongiosum
muscle = ejaculation
pg 449
•Autonomic from inferior
hypogastric plexus
pg 447
Female Reproductive System
•Primary Sex Organs
–Ovaries = gonads
•Secondary Sex Organs
–External Genitalia = vulva
•Labia major + minor
•Mons pubis
•Clitoris
–Ducts
•Uterine tube = oviducts
•Vagina
–Glands
•Greater vestibular gland
pg 365
Anatomy
•Ovaries (2)
–Produce and store
ova (eggs)
–Produce estrogen
–Tunica albuginea
•Fibrous capsule that
surrounds the ovary
–Germinal epithelium
•Covers the tunica
albuginea
•Mesothelium
pg 365
Anatomy
•Ovaries
–Surrounded by peritoneal
cavity
•Ligaments
–Broad ligament
•Supports uterus and
oviducts
–Suspensory ligament
•Attaches ovaries to lateral
pelvic wall
–Ovarian ligament
•Anchors the ovary to the
uterus medially
–Round ligament
•Part of broad ligament
•Attaches uterus to labia
majorum
pg 365
Oogenesis: production of eggs
(ova) www.cartage.org.lb
•Stem cells = oogonia undergo Mitosis
–All of female’s oogonia produced while fetus
–Oogonia become oocytes
•Oogonia begin Meiosis I are called primary oocytes (2n)
–Meiosis I is stalled before birth and until ovulation
•During ovulation, Meiosis I completed and Meiosis II begins
–Once Meiosis II begins, primary oocytes now called secondary
oocytes (n)
•Meiosis II is completed when sperm penetrates plasma
membrane of the egg
–When Meiosis II is completed, secondary oocyte is now called
ovum (egg)
•Meiosis II results in 4 daughter cells
–1 ovum and 3 polar bodies (degenerate)
Uterine Tubes
• Also called oviducts,
fallopian tubes
•Begins laterally near ovary
and ends medially at uterus
•3 parts:
–Infundibulum
•Lateral, funnel shaped
portion
•Fimbrae on edges
–Ampulla
•Medial to infundibulum
•Expanded portion
•Site where fertilization
occurs
–Isthmus
•Medial part of the tube
•Visceral Peritoneum, Smooth
Muscle, Ciliated simple
columnar epithelium
pg 414
Movement of Ova
•Through the oviduct
–Receives oocyte
after ovulation
–Peristaltic waves
–Cilia lining tube
–Contains cells to
nourish ova
•Ectopic pregnancy
–Implantation of
embryo outside of the
uterus
faculty.une.edu
Uterus
•Function:
–Receive, retain, nourish
fertilized egg (=zygote)
•3 layers of wall:
–Perimetrium (outer)
–Myometrium (middle)
–Endometrium (inner)
•Portions:
–Body
–Fundus
–Isthmus
•Location:
–Anterior to rectum
–Posterosuperior to
bladder
pg 414
Cervix
•Location:
–Below the isthmus
of the uterus
–Considered the
narrow neck of the
uterus
–Projects into the
vagina
•Function:
–Keeps uterus
closed and fetus
within it during
pregnancy
(collagen) pg 414
Vagina
• Location:
–Inferior to the uterus
–Anterior to the rectum
–Posterior to the urethra
and bladder
•Birth canal
•3 layers:
–Adventitia
–Muscularis
–Mucosa
•Rugae
•Vaginal orifice
•Hymen
–Extension of mucosa
–Incomplete wall /
diaphragm
pg 414
Female External Genitalia = “Vulva”
•Mons pubis
–Rounded pad over the pubic
symphysis
•Labia
–Major
•Fatty skin folds with hair
–Minor
•Smaller, hairless folds inside major
•3 parts:
–Vestibule
»created by labia minor
»opening for urethra and
vagina
–Central tendon
»Perineal body
–Fourchette
»Junction of labia minor
pg 443, 439
Female External Genitalia = “Vulva”
•Clitoris
–Superior to vestibule
–Composed of erectile tissue
–Homologous to the penis
–Components:
•Crura
•Prepuce
•Corpus cavernosa
•No corpus spongiosum
•Bulbs of vestibule
–Engorge with blood to help grip the
penis
•Greater vestibular glands
–Either side of vaginal opening
–Secrete mucus to make
intercourse possible
pg 443, 439
Vasculature and Innervation
pg 317
pg 432
•Vasculature
–Uterine arteries from
internal iliac and arcuate
branches =uterus
–Ovarian arteries from
abdominal aorta and
ovarian branches of
uterine arteries = ovaries
•Innervation
–Branches of Pudendal
nerve (hypogastric plexus
& pelvic splanchnic
nerves)
Fertilization: sperm meets egg
Path of sperm:
Seminiferous tubulestubulus rectus rete testisefferent
ductules duct of epididymis vas deferens ejaculatory duct 
urethrafemale’s vagina uterusoviduct
Path of egg:
ovaryperitoneal cavityinfundibulum (oviduct) oviduct
The meeting:
Sperm + egg meet in uterine tube sperm penetrates egg = fertilization
Zygoteuterus for implantation in uterine wall