Transcript Anatomical Terminology, Tissues

Anatomy Terminology
Body Regions


Axial Region (down midline of body)
Appendicular Region (limbs)
REGIONS OF THE BODY

•
1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)
– a) Head
– b) Neck
– c) Trunk (has 3 parts)
1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs.
– Pectoral Region (chest)
– Costal ( rib) margin
2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs
Lumbar region (low back)
Gluteal region (buttocks)
3) Pelvis (area that would be covered by brief underwear) Contains urinary and
reproductive organs
Inguinal region (Groin)
REGIONS OF THE BODY

2. Appendicular Region (limbs)
a) Upper Limbs
1) Axilla (armpit)
2) Arm (Brachium): shoulder to elbow
Antecubital fossa (inside of elbow, where blood is drawn)
3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm!
4) Wrist
5) Hand: 4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges;
Pollicis: Thumb
Palmar surface: Palm
REGIONS OF THE BODY

2. Appendicular Region (limbs)
b) Lower Limbs
1) Thigh (hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg!
2) Leg (knee to ankle).
Calf (back of the leg)
Popliteal region (behind knee)
Genu: the knee itself
3) Ankle
4) Foot: 5 digits
Hallux: big toe
Plantar surface: sole of foot
Body Cavities
Figure 1.8a
Body Cavities
Figure 1.8b
Regional Terms
(not on the quiz or test)
Figure 1.4a
Regional Terms
(not on the quiz or test)
Figure 1.4b
Anatomical Position


The body standing erect, facing forward, feet
together, toes pointed anteriorly, hands at
one’s side, fingers pointing inferiorly, and
palms facing forward.
Once the body is in this position (or imagined
to be in this position,) the positional terms
can be used correctly.
Anatomical
Position
Anatomical Position
The person is standing up straight
The palms face anteriorly
The knees, elbow, and neck are
straight (not bent)
The toes point anteriorly, but the
fingers point inferiorly
Left and Right: yours or the patient’s?
Figure 1.3
Positional Terms

These are terms used to describe the position of
certain structures on the body.

Note: These are “relative terms.” This means that
these words are usually used in relating the position of
one body structure to another. You can’t say, “He is
shorter”. You have to say, “He is shorter than John”.

Incorrect: the nose is medial
Correct: the nose is medial to the ears

Positional Terms
Anterior (Ventral)
Posterior (Dorsal)
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Deep
Proximal
Distal
Supine
Prone
Positional Terminology








Anterior/Ventral: towards the front of the body (includes palms
and soles)
Posterior/Dorsal: towards the back of the body
Superior: towards the head
Inferior: towards the feet
Medial (NOT MIDDLE): towards the midline of body
Lateral: away from midline
Varus: inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or
joint.
Valgus: outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or
joint.
Positional Terminology






Superficial: Toward the external environment
Deep: Towards the inner body
Proximal: towards the heart
Distal: away from the heart
Supine: Laying on one’s back
Prone: Laying on one’s stomach
Positional Terms
Positional Terms
(Skip)
Positional Terms
Body Planes
• Frontal (Coronal)
• Sagittal
• Transverse
ParaSagittal
plane
Sagittal
plane
Body Planes and Sections
• Frontal (coronal) plane
– Lies vertically and divides body or organ into anterior and
posterior parts
• Sagittal plane
– Divides right from left side of body or organ
• Midsagittal (median) plane
– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
and divides body into EQUAL right and left sides
• Parasagittal plane
– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides
• Transverse plane
• Divides body or organ into superior-inferior parts
Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.5
Banana Sectioned into Planes
Transverse plane
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Movement Terms


Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint
Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to
anatomical position

Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position

In the foot, there are special terms used instead of
flexion/extension:


Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise the toes up in
the air. When you stand on your heels with your toes up in the
air, you are dorsiflexing your ankle joints.
Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes
downward. When you stand on your toes, you are
plantarflexing your ankle joints.
Flexion and Extension
Flexion: to decrease
the angle of a joint
Extension: to
increase the angle of a
joint, returning it to
anatomical position
Hyperextension:
extension beyond
anatomical position
Flexion and Extension
Flexion: to decrease
the angle of a joint
Extension: to
increase the angle of a
joint, returning it to
anatomical position
Hyperextension:
extension beyond
anatomical position
Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
Hyperextension
Extension
Movement Terminology



Internal Rotation (or medial rotation): to rotate in the
transverse plane toward the midline of the body
External Rotation (or Lateral Rotation): to rotate in the
transverse plane away from the midline of the body.
These two terms are usually used to describe motions
of the shoulder or hips.
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
Movement Terms

Abduction: to move a body part away from the midline of the body in
the frontal plane

Adduction: to move a body part toward the midline of the body in the
frontal plane


Circumduction: to move a body part in a circle
Rotation: to pivot a body part around an axis, as in shaking the head “no”
Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
Movement Terminology



Inversion: to rotate in the frontal plane toward the
midline of the body. Inversion puts the body part into
the varus position.
Eversion: to rotate in the frontal plane away from the
midline of the body. Eversion puts the body part into
the valgus position.
You invert and evert your hands, but the bones of the
ankle don’t move in a single plane. Rather, they move
in three planes, so that motion is more properly called
supination and pronation.
Movements of the
Hand or Foot Only
Supination and Pronation are movements in three planes.

Supination (tri-plane movement)
–
–
–

Inversion
Adduction
Dorsiflexion (or Flexion in hands)
Pronation (tri-plane movement)
–
–
–
Eversion
Abduction
Plantarflexion (or Extension in hands)
Pronation
Supination
Pronation and Supination
Supination
Pronation
Gliding Motion
Common Confusion of
POSITIONS vs. MOVEMENTS




Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down.
Pronation: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned downward (in
Anatomical Position, the palm will face posterior). The foot can also
be pronated; the sole turns laterally away from the body. Pronation
of the foot is a tri-plane movement of plantarflexion, abduction, and
eversion.
Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is laying on the back.
Supination: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned upward, like
holding a bowl of soup (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face
anterior). The foot can also be supinated; the sole turns medially
towards the body. Supination of the foot is a tri-plane movement of
dorsiflexion, adduction, and inversion.
Movement Terms


Protraction – to project a body part anteriorly
in the transverse plane, such as the
shoulders or jaw
Retraction – to pull a body part posteriorly
Movement Terms


Elevation – lifting a body part superiorly,
such as shoulders or jaw.
Depression – lowering a body part inferiorly
Movement Terms

Opposition – movement of the thumb to
touch the tips of other fingers
Regional Terminology

Thorax
–
–


Abdomen
Pelvis
–



Pectoral Region
Costal = rib
Inguinal (Groin)
Lumbar region
Gluteal region
Axilla (armpit)
Upper Extremity
 Arm (Brachium)
 Antecubital fossa
 Forearm
 Hand
 Palmar surface of hand
Lower Extremity
 Thigh
 Leg (Calf in back)
 Popliteal region (behind
knee)
 Genu: the knee itself
 Foot
 Plantar surface of foot
Joint Abbreviations

MPJ: Metacarpal (or metatarsal) phalangeal
joint
Joint Abbreviations

IPJ: Interphalangeal joint
–
–
DIPJ is the distal IPJ
PIPJ is the proximal IPJ
DIPJ
PIPJ
NOTE: The joint at the tip of the
thumb is just called the IPJ
IPJ
Anterior-Posterior X-ray (AP view)

X-ray beam passes
from anterior to
posterior.
Anterior-Posterior X-ray (AP view)

X-ray beam passes
from anterior to
posterior.
Lateral X-ray (Lat view)

X-ray beam passes
from medial to lateral
Lateral X-ray (Lat view)

X-ray beam passes
from medial to lateral
Oblique X-ray

Beam enters at
45° angle; good
for identifying
fractures.
Long Bones
Spongy (cancellous) Bone
Compact Bone
Long Bones Contain Spongy and
Compact Bone.
Histology


Histology is the study of normal tissues under
a microscope.
Be able to recognize a description of all the
structures seen in compact bone under a
microscope:
–
Lacunae, perforating canal, osteon (functional unit
of compact bone), central canal, canaliculi,
lamellae, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
periosteum, hydroxyapatite.
Compact
Bone
Compact Bone Structures










Osteon: functional unit of compact bone.
hydroxyapatite The crystalline structure of calcium and
phosphate that make up bone matrix
lamellae The circular and concentric layers of collagen fibers
lacunae The pockets or cavities in which the cells are trapped
Haversian (or central) canal The large channels containing a
blood vessel which run longitudinally down the center of each
unit
canaliculi The “tiny channels” which run transversely through
the layers of bone and allow for diffusion of nutrients and
wastes to the cells
perforating canal: connects one Haversian canal to another
osteocytes The mature bone cells which are trapped in the
matrix and help to maintain it
Osteoblasts: bone cells that lay down new bone
Osteoclasts: bone cells that reabsorb bone
Bone Terms to Know











Periosteum (secured to the bone by Sharpey’s fibers)
Sharpey’s fibers (anchor the outer wrapping to the bony
matrix below it)
Articular Cartilage (cap around long bone)
Tendon (attaches muscle to bone)
Ligament (attaches bone-to-bone)
Aponeurosis (modified tendon)
Epiphysis (ends of long bones)
Diaphysis (shaft of long bone)
Medullary Cavity (hollow area inside long bone)
Spongy (cancellous) Bone (contains trabeculae instead of
osteons and lamellae)
Trabeculae (appearance of a sponge)
Spongy Bone

Instead of osteons,
spongy bone has
trebeculae.
Bone Cells



Osteoblast (makes bone)
Osteocyte (mature bone cell)
Osteoclast (reabsorbs bone)
Histology

Tendons and ligaments are made from what
type of connective tissue?
–
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Tendon: dense reg. CT
Bones Lab
The Axial Skeleton



Skull
Sternum
Vertebrae
–
–
–
–
–

7 Cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
5 fused coccygeal
Ribs
Appendicular Skeleton









Pelvic Girdles
Humerus
 Os Coxae (Innominate bone)
Radius
– Ilium
Ulna
– Ischium
Carpals
– Pubis
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges (pollicis is thumb)
Femur
Pectoral Girdles
Patella
 Clavicle
Tibia
 Scapula
Fibula
Tarsals
– Metatarsals
– Phalanges (hallux is big toe)