Transcript Introduction to the Human Body-Chapter 1 Outline Divisions of Study

Introduction to the
Human Body-Chapter 1
Outline
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Divisions of Study
A. Study of human body divided into two
areas
Anatomy- study of structure
i.e. gross anatomy
Physiology- function
i.e. Quadricep: how it contracts
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B. The study of Anatomy describes
1. location- where is it?
2. appearance- what does it look like?
3. relationship of body parts- how does
one part relate to others?
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C. The study of Physiology explains the
mechanisms that operate body activitiesHow does it work?
Ex- muscle/muscle system. How do
muscles contract and relax to make the
muscular system work?
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D. How a particular body part works,
depends on its structure
Ex- The function of the skeletal system
is to give our body
1.support 2. structure 3. protection
structure: bones are made up of hard
materials such as calcium to help in its
function
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II. Basic Terminology
A. Terms used in the study of Anatomy
and Physiology are based on
latin
or
greek
word parts.
1. Universal language
2. Understood throughout the world
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B. Anatomical terms formed from these
word parts are often descriptive of the
body part or function
Ex Myocardium- Myo (Greek)= muscle +
cardia( heart)= heart muscle
Erythrocyte- Erythro (Greek)= red +
cyte(cell)= red blood cell
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C. Directional Terms
1. Directional Terminology- language used to
describe the location of a body structure relative
to another
a. Based on Body being in the Anatomical
Position
1. Standing- erect
2. Facing- the observer
3. Arms- at the side
4. Palms and Toes- turned forward
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b. Directional Terminology is invaluable
tool- eliminates lengthy descriptions and
removes question of what position the
body is in.
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1. Superior- towards the head or upper
body
Ex- head is superior to chest
2. Inferior- away from head or towards
lower part of body
Ex- buttocks is inferior to the back
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3. Anterior- (ventral)- towards front body
Ex- eyes are on the anterior portion of
head
4. Posterior- (dorsal)- towards the back of
body
Ex- backbone extends down the posterior
side of the body
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5. Medial- towards the midline of body
Ex- medial portion of thigh
6. Lateral- away from midline
Ex- ears are in the lateral portion of the
head
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7. Proximal- towards a structure’s origin
(origin is the point of attachment)
Ex- humerus is proximal to the wrist
8. Distal- away from structure’s origin
Ex- wrist is distal to humerus
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9. Superficial- towards the surface
Ex- skin is superficial to skeleton
10. Deep- inward from surface of body
Ex- heart and lungs lie deep to rib cage
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2. Body Planes
a. A plane is an imaginary flat surface,
used by anatomical artists to slice through
a specimen
b. Three basic types of Body Planes
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1. Sagittal- divides body into right and left
halves
(midsagittal/median)- divides right and
left sides equally
2. Frontal- divides body into front and
back
3. Transverse (horizontal)- divides body
into upper and lower body parts and
makes a clear cross-section
Sagittal Plane
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Separates the body
into right and left
segments
Mid-sagittal plane
separates into equal
right and left
segments
Imaginary line known
as the midline
Frontal Plane (Coronal plane)
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Separates the body
into front and back
segments
Better used
terminology would
be?
Transverse Plane
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Separates the body
into upper and lower
segments
Better used
terminology would
be?
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III. Structural Levels of Organization
Human Body composed of 6 distinct levels or
organization
A. Chemical levelatoms→molecules→macromolecules
macro: proteins
lipids
carbs.
( all give structural
foundation for body)
nucleic acids
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B. Cellular level- basic structural and
functional units of living things
Ex- blood, muscle cells, nerve cells
C. Tissue level- group of similar cells that
combine to form common fxn
Ex- muscle tissue
D. Organ level- two or more different
types of tissues performing a general fxn
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E. System level- two or more organs
acting in conjunction to make a system
F. Complete Organism- composed of many
systems depending on one another to
perform tasks
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IV. The Body Plan
A. Human Body is divided into major areas
called regions
1. Head- cranium/cephalic region
face (frontal)
2. Neck- cervical
3. Trunk- thorax (sternal and pectoral)
abdominal, umbilical, inguinal (groin)
pelvis (inguinal/groin), coxal (hip),
back (dorsum, vertebral,lumbar,sacral
from superior to inferior
shoulder (acromial),armpit (axilla)
upper arm (brachium)
elbow (cubital) front of elbow (antecubital)
forearm (antebrachium)
wrist (carpus), hand (manus), palm of hand
(palmar), fingers (digits)
4. Upper Appendage-
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5. Lower Appendage- from superior to
inferior
Buttocks (Gluteus) anal-reproductive
organ area (perineal) thigh (femorus)
knee (popliteal/patellar), lower leg (crural)
instep (tarsal), top of foot (pedal), bottom
of foot (plantar), toes (digits)
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B. Body Cavities
1. the body is divided into several
cavities that contain many organs.
2. There are 2 major body cavities
which can be subdivided into
several smaller cavities.
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a. Dorsal Cavity- posterior side of body
1. Cranial Cavity- skull
(protects brain)
2. Vertebral Canal- vertebrae
(protects spinal cord)
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b. Ventral Cavity-anterior side of body
1. Separated into two smaller
cavities by the- diaphragm
(Greek for barrier)
L3= ventral is divided into smaller cavities
pleural: lung
pericardial: heart
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. Thoracic Cavity- upper portion of body
protected by rib cage, locates lungs
and heart
b. Abdominopelvic Cavity- lower
portion of body
-abdominal: protects stomach, s. & l
intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen.
-pelvic Cavity- formed by iliac (hip),
contains urinary bladder, repro. parts.
Pleural cavity
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Cover the two
lungs
individually
Complications?
Pericardial cavity
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Outer covering of the
heart
Similar complications
as with the lungs
____________System
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What organs are
found here?
____________System
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What do these organs
have in common?
___________System
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Why should all these
organs be part of this
system?
Represents the skin…
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Please list 3
other organs
found in this
organ system
___________System
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What common
problems can occur
with this system?
__________System
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What are this
system’s main
functions?
__________System
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What unique
properties can occur
here?
___________System
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Notice the
differences