Transcript nasal cavity

Respiratory system
广西医科大学人体解剖教研室
The respiratory system
1. respiratory tract
2. lung/pulmo
nose
pharynx
upper
respiratory
tract
larynx
trachea
principal
bronchi
branches
of principal
bronchi
lower
respiratory
tract
Section
1 nose
The Nose
The
external
External nose
Root of nose
Back of nose
Apex of nose
Alae nasi
Nares
Left nasal cavity
Nasal cavity
Nasal root
Nasal back
Apex of nose
Nasal Alae
septumnasi
Reft
Rightnasal
nasalcavity
cavity
Paranasal cavity
Cartilages
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
Nares
Nasal
cavityplate Olfactory
region
Perpendicular
of
ethmoid bonenasal vestibule lined by skin
The part
Nasal bone proper nasal cavity lined by mucosa.
The mucosa has two region: olfectory
Septal cartilage
region and respiratory region.
The medial wall: Nasal septum
Vomer
Respiratory region
The lateral wall:
Superior, middle ,inferior nasal concha
Superior, middle ,inferior nasal meatus
The paranasal sinuses are some air spacesSphenoethmoidal
lying in the bone recess
around Frontal
the nasalsinus
cavity.
Frontal
sinus
The place of the oppenings of paranasal sinuses.
The place of the openings of paranasal sinuses.
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
middle nasal meatus
anterior group
ethmoidal sinus
middle group
posterior group
sphenoidal sinus
superior nasal meatus
sphenoethmoidal recess
Section 2 The larynx
1. The position and relation
2. The composition
Laryngeal cartilages
Laryngeal joints
larynx
Laryngeal muscles
The sagittal section
of the skull and neck
Laryngeal cavity
1. Laryngeal cartilages
thyroid cartilage 1
cricoid cartilage 1
epiglottic cartilage 1
arytenoid cartilage 2
2. The laryngeal joints
quadrangular membrane
vestibular ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane
Quadrangular membrane
Conus elasticus
Cricotracheal membrane
Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint
Epiglottic cartilage
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoarytenoid joint
Cricothyroid joint
Conus elasticus
Lamina of cricoid cartilage
Conus elasticus extend upward from
the cricoid cartilage to
Tracheal
cartilage
Vocal ligament
the arytenoid cartilages and the posterior
surfaceConus
of elasticus
the
Vocal ligament
thyroid
cartilage.
Annular lig.
Vocal ligament is the superior of the conus elasticus.
Thethe
laryngeal
cavity and joint
Vocal fold is the mucosa covering
vocal ligament.
3. The muscle of larynx
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Crinothyroid
Transverse arytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Oblique arytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid can open the glottis.
cricothyroid
Oblique arytenoid
Transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoid close the glottis.
Posterior cricoarytenoid and crinothyroid can tense and lenghten
the vocal fold.
Thyroarytenoid can relax and shorten the vocal fold.
4. The laryngeal cavity
Epiglottis
Laryngeal vestibule Aperture of larynx
The inlet: aperture larynx
Aryepiglottic fold
Rima vestibuli
The vestibular folds
Interarytenoid notch
The mucous fold Vestibular fold
Oblique arytenoid
VentricleThe
of larynx
vocal fold
Vocal fold
Transverse arytenoid
Fissure of glottis
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Infraglottic cavity
Cricothyroid joint
The laryngeal vestibuleThyroid cartilage
The parts
The intermedial cavity of larynx
Tracheal cavity
The infraglottic
cavity Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilage
The fissure glottis
Conus elasticus
The fissure glottis
Section
Larynx
3 The trachea and bronchi
1.Trachea
The trachea
The composition: The tracheal cartilages, smooth
muscle, connective tissue and epithelium.
R principal bronchus
principal bronchus
The position of theL bifurcation
of trachea:
the sternal angle or the lower border of the fourth
thoracic vertebra
The carina of trachea:
2. The bronchi
Bifurcation
Principal bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental
bronchi,
The carina
of trachea
bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
Section
Larynx 3 The trachea and bronchi
1. TheTrachea
trachea
The composition:
Right principal bronchus
Bifurcation of tracea
The position of the bifurcation of trachea:
Left principal bronchus
carina of trachea:
Superior lobar bronchus
Middle
lobar bronchi
bronchus
2. The
Principal bronchi
bronchioles
lobar bronchi
lobar bronchus
segmental Sup.
bronchi
terminal bronchioles.
Inf. lobar bronchus
The lobar
differences
Inferior
bronchus of right and left principal bronchus:
shorter, wider, more vertical
Section 4 lung/pulmo
Larynx
Apex
of lung
Apex of lung
trachea lobar bronchus
Superior
Hilum
lung
Rightofprincipal
bronchus
Oblique fissure
Pulmonary a.
Apex
1.
The external features
Apex
Pulmonary
a.of lung
Hilum
Superior lobe
Apex
left principal
bronchus
Superior
pulmonary
v.
Posterior
border
Superior
lobe
Costal surface
Superior lobe
Base or
Anterior border
Posteriorfissure
border
Horizontal
Superior pulmonary v.
diaphragmatic suface
Horizontal fissure
Two surface:
Oblique fissure
Oblique
fissure v.
Right
inf. pulmonary
costal and medial surface
cardiac notch
Superior lobe
Right inf. pulmonary
v.
oblique fissure
Cardiac impression
inferior
lobe
Cardiac
notch
inferior lobe
Oblique fissure
Three border：
Middle
Middle
lobelobe
inferior
lobe
Inferior
base
of lobe
lung
Hilum
of lung
base of lung
Root of lung:
medial surface
The bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, nerves,
Inferior border
bronchial vessels,
lymphatics
and
lyph nodes
Medial surface of right
left
lung
lung
Larynx
2. The lobe
trachea
Apex
oblique
Superior lobe
Costal surface
fissure
Superior lobe
Right
lung
Anterior
border
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
horizontal fissure
Left lung
Superior lobe
cardiac notch
Middle lobe
oblique fissure
Inferior lobe
inferior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobeoblique
Apex
fissure
Superior lobe
medial surface
Inferior
lobeborder
Inferior
3. The situation of lungs
4. The
Thebronchopulmonary
bronchopulmonary
segments
4.
segments
Section 5 The pleura
Costal pleura
Diaphrgmatic pleura
Parietal pleura
1. The parts
Mediastinal pleura
Cupula of pleura
Visceral pleura
2. The pleural cavity and thoracic cavity
3. The pleural recess：costodiaphragmatic recess
4. The projection of inferior margins of lungs and pleura
The inferior margins of lungs and pleura ：
midclavicular line
midaxillary line
scapular line
inferior margin
of lungs
6th rib
8th rib
10th rib
inferior margin
of pleura
8th rib
10th rib
11th rib
Section 6 The midiastinum
Superior mediatinum
Sernal angle
The subsection:
Anterior mediastinum
Superior mediastinum
Posterior mediatinum
Middle mediastinum
Heart
anterior mediastinum
Diaphragm
Inferior mediastinum
middle mediastinum
posterior mediastinum
Sum up the main point of respiratory system
1. The respiratory system includes respiratory tract and
pulmo. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose,
pharynx, larynx; and the trachea, principal bronchi with
their branches belong to the lower tract. The primary
function of this system is to supply the body with oxygen
and get rid of carbon dioxide.
2. The nose includes the external nose, nasal cavity and
paranasal sinuses.
Each nasal cavity is divided into nasal vestibule and proper nasal
cavity. The nasal vestibule is lined by skin, and the proper nasal
cavity by mucous membrane. According to the function ,the mucous
membrane is divided into two parts: olfectory and respiratory region.
The paranasal sinuses includes the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal and
sphenoidal sinus. They all communicate with nasal cavity. The
frontal, maxillary, the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses open
into the middle nasal meatuses; and the posterior ethmoidal sinus into
the upper nasal meatus; and the sphenoidal sinus into the
sphenoethmoidal recess. The positions of the opening the maxillary
sinuses are higher than its floor.
3. The larynx consist of a framework of cartilages that connected
together by ligament, membrane and joint. There are five cartilages:
one thyroid, one cricoid, one epigrottic, and a pair arytenoid cartilage.
The laryngeal cavity may be divided into three parts by the vestibular
folds and the vocal folds: the laryngeal vestibule, the intermedial cavity
of larynx and the infraglottic cavity.
Here, there are several names we must memorize:
The conus elasticus: the membrane between the upper of the cricoid
cartilage, the posterior of the thyroid cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage.
The vocal ligament: the upper of the conus elasticus between the
thyroid cartilage and the vocal projection of the arytenoid cartilage.
The vocal fold: the mucosa covering the surface of the vocal ligament
and the arytenoid cartilage.
The fissure of glottis: the between the right and left vocal folds.
The glottis: consists of the vocal folds and the fissure of glottis.
4. Trachea and bronchi are all composed of C-shaped ring of cartilages,
smooth muscle and connective tissue.
The lower end of the trachea is called the bifurcation.
There is a carina of trachea on the inner surface of the bifurcation.
The carina of trachea is the marker to guide the bronchoscope to the left
or right bronchus.
The right principal bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical in
position than the left.
5. The lung/ pulmo is respiratory organ.
The lung/ pulmo is conical and has an apex, a base, two surfaces and
three borders.
The apex of the lung extends to about 2~3 cm above the level of the
medial one-third of the clavicle.
The left pulmo is divided into superior and inferior lobes by oblique
fissure; and the right pulmo is divided into superior, middle and
inferior lobes by oblique and horizontal fissures
The branches of the bronchi in the lungs: the principal bronchus
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
the terminal
bronchioles.
A bronchopulmonary segment: a unit of lung tissue, where the
branches / ramifications of a segmental bronchus distributes to. There
are 10 segments on each side lung.
6. The pleura are serous membrane, divided into the parietal and visceral pleura.
The parietal pleura are divided into four parts: the costal pleura, the diaphragmatic
pleura, the medial stinal pleura and the cupula of pleura.
The pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
The right and left pleural cavity is separated from each other by mediastinum.
The costodiaphragmatic recess is in the place of the reflection of the diaphragmatic
and costal pleura.
When the body is standing or sitting, the costodiaphragmatic recess is the lowest place
of the pleural cavity. So if the pleural cavity has liquid, for example the blood or the
pus, the liquid always fills in this recess first.
The projection of the inferior margins of the lungs and the pleura, (on the
midclavicular line, midaxillary line, and scapular line) are respectively in: The lung:
6th, 8th, 10th rib; the pleura: 8th, 10th, 11th rib
7. The mediastinum is divided into 4 regions by the level of
sternal angle and the pericardium: the superior mediastinum, the
anterior mediastinum, the middle mediastinum, and the posterior
mediastinum.