Transcript Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Human Body

Chapter 1:
Introduction to the Human Body
Anatomy or physiology
The skull and vertebral column is part of the
axial skeleton.
The cerebral cortex consists of 4 lobes:
frontal , parietal, temporal, occipital
Skeletal muscles pull on bones, creating
forces that produce body motion
The stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine are chambers of the digestive tract.
Anatomy or physiology?
Receptors of the eye and ear detect
environmental changes for the
respective senses of vision and hearing.
Antidiuretic hormone, secreted from the
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland,
stimulates water reabsorbtion in the
kidney.
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy –
Study of structure or
morphology of the
body.
Physiology
The study of how
the body works or
functions
Pathophysiology –
how a body part
functions when a
person has a
disease
II. Levels of Organization
From simple to complex
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Atom
molecule
Large molecules
Cells – basic unit of life
Tissues – groups of
specialized cells
Organs – has a specific
function
Organ systems – groups
of organs
Human organism
III. Organs and Organ
systems
Major organ systems
Integument System
Skin, hair and nails
Protection
Regulate body
temperature
Sense of touch
Skeletal System
Bones, joints,
cartilage
Protects and
supports body
organs
Muscular System
Responsible for
movement of
skeleton
posture
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord,
nerves, sense
organs
Integration and
coordination
Regulation and
response
Endocrine System
Glands
Secrete hormones
and chemicals to
regulate body
activities
Circulatory System
Heart and blood
vessels
Transports blood
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes
Defend the body
immunity
Respiratory System
Lungs
Exchange of gases
with the
environment
Digestive System
Convert food to
nutrients
Absorb nutrients
Eliminate waste
Urinary System
Kidneys
Excrete waste
Formation of urine
Reproductive System
Enable the human to
reproduce
Homeostasis:
Maintenance of a constant condition in
the internal environment
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Internal environment: extra cellular fluid
surrounding our cells
Homois = same, stasis= standing
Examples: body temperature, water
balance, ion balance, glucose levels, pH
Maintaining Homeostasis
Nervous System and the endocrine
system
Negative Feedback Response – a
stimulus is met by a response that
reverses the trend of the stimulus
Component of
internal
environment
Receptors:
Detect stimuli,
deviation from
normal
Regulatory
mechanisms
Negative Feedback Response
Anatomical Terms
Directional Terminology
Anatomical Position
Face Forward
Arms at side
Palms forward
Feet forward
1. Prone and Supine
Supine: lying face up
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Referring to hand – palms forward
Prone: lying face down
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Referring to hand – palms are back
2. Anterior (ventral) vs.
Posterior (dorsal)
Anterior - Referring to front of body
Posterior – back side of body
Superior vs. inferior
Superior – refers
to structures
above another
Inferior – refers
to a structure
below another
Medial vs. Lateral
Medial – located
closer to midline
Lateral – located
away from midline
Proximal vs. distal
Proximal – located
closer to the point of
origin
Distal – located
away or “distant”
from the point of
origin.
Body Planes:
Sagittal:
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Vertically through
the body
Divides body into left
and right portions
Frontal or Coronal Plane
Extends vertically
Perpendicular to
sagittal plane
Divides body into
anterior and
posterior halves
Transverse Plane or Horizontal
plane
Divides the body
into superior and
inferior portions
Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity
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Cranial cavity –
superior, hollow
portion of skull, brain
located
Spinal cavity –
contains the spinal
cord, vertebrae make
up cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral body cavity
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Thoracic cavity
 Superior to diaphragm
 Contents: Plural cavity
(lungs)
 Mediastinum – chest
cavity space
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Contents: pericardial
cavity (heart), upper
respiratory tract,
esophagus, major
blood vessels,
thymus gland
Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
 Inferior to diaphragm
 Abdominal cavity:
stomach, liver,
gallbladder, spleen.
Pancreas, small
intestine, part of
large intestine
Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
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Pelvic cavity: rest of
large intestine,
bladder, rectum,
reproductive organs