Transcript H - Trenerplzen

Antropometrické metody používané
v biologické antropologii
Pavel Bláha
Anthropometrical assessment is
a scientific specialization concerned with the
application of measurement to appraise
human size, shape, proportion, composition,
maturation and gross function.
It is a basic discipline for problem-solving in
matters related to growth, exercise,
performance and nutrition.
The area has been defined as the quantitative
interface between anatomy and physiology.
It puts the individual athlete into objective
focus and provides a clear appraisal of his
or her structural status at any given time,
or, more importantly, provides for
quantification of differential growth.
There are plenty of methods used in distinguished
countries. Martin-Saller method (Lehrbuch der
Antropologie,1957) is mostly being used in middle
Europe and other countries.
Anthropometry appears deceptively simple.
Mastery, however, is somewhat analogous to
playing a musical instrument with style and grace.
With some formal training and persistent practice,
it can be easy and enjoyable and can produce
amazingly accurate data. The development of an
anthropometrist’s touch is seldom achieved without
extensive practice.
It varies from individual to individual, but most
seem to achieve reasonable competence after
triple-measurement and spot-checking for
systematic error with criterion anthropometry
measures on 100 or more subjects.
A “criterion anthropometrist”, by definition,
is one who purportedly does not make systematic
errors from a prescribed technique.
In assessing individual status with respect to a particular
norm, it is necessary that a high level of precision
and accuracy be attained by the measurer.
Precision is a matter of how consistent a measurer is
with him or herself (intra-observer reliability) or with
other measurers (inter-observer reliability).
Accuracy is a matter of how closely obtained measures
conform to true or ideal measures. In the measurement
sequence, only right side values of the subject are taken
in surveys. When there is a question of bilateral
asymmetry, however, both sides should be taken.
Knussman R.,: Anthropologie, Handbuch der
vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen.,
Wojfram B., Jung K. et al.: Sportanthropologie,
Methoden und Ergebnisse am beispiel der
Luftdisziplienen und des Skurrensports.
The Camgridge Encyklopedia of Human Growth
and Development – edited by Ulijaszek S.J., Johnston F.
E., Preece M.A.
Anthropometrie the individual and the
population – edited by Ulijaszek L.J. and MarcieTaylor C.G.N.
Kinanthtopometric Assessesment – Mike MarfellJones. Web page for New Zealand
Anthropometry:
http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~rip/Anthropometry/
Methods of classical anthropometry hold and
important place in common routine practice
because they are non-invasive, relatively
cheap, saving time and suitable for field work.
We use two basic ways of anthropometric
measurement of living persons:
cephalic parameters
body parameters
a) Hlavové rozměry jsou důležité pro posouzení růstu
hlavy, především v období od narození do 6 let věku dítěte.
Využití: plastická chirurgie, stomatologie, stomatochirurgie.
b) Tělesné rozměry jsou důležité pro monitorování
růstu, stanovení komponent tělesného složení
(Matiegkovy rovnice, metoda Drinkwatera-Rosse),
stanovení somatotypu (Heath-Carter method),
posouzení proporcionality jednotlivce (např. Z-score,
Percalovy indexy, vypracování referenčních standard).
Využití: pediatrie, endokrinoloige , obezitologie,
ortopedie, ergonomie, sportovní antropologie atd.
Segment lengths
General technique: The segmometer housing is held
in the right hand throughout all the direct
length measurements. The lengths are measured with
the tape parallel to the long axis of a bone
or body segment. The tape is held so the ends of the
cotter pins are in contact with the marked sites at
the end of each segment or length and the reading is
taken at the edge of the housing end cotter pin,
at the side to which the bevel runs upward,
to the nearest 0.1 cm.
Selected cephalic points
GLABELLA (g)
Glabella is the most prominent midline point
above the nasal root, on the lower part of the
forehead between the eyebrows.
NASION (n)
Nasion is the point in the midline of the
nasofrontal suture. The slight ridge on which
it is situated can be felt by an observer’s
fingernail.
EURYON (eu)
Euryon is the most prominent lateral point on
each side of the skull found on the parietal or
temporal bones. It is identified by measuring
the greatest width of the head.
GNATHION (gn)
Gnathion is the lowest median point on the
lower edge of the mandible in the most
anterior position. It is identified by palpation
from below.
OPISTHOCRANION (op)
Opisthocranion is the point situated at the midline
of the occipital bone which is most distant from the
glabella.
ZYGION (zy)
Zygion is the most lateral point of each zygomatic
arc. It is identified by measuring the greatest width
of the face.
FRONTOTEMPORALE (ft)
Frontotemporale is the point on each side of the
forehead, on the linea temporalis most forwards
and closest to the midline, in the place where the
lineas temporalis are closest together.
GONION (go)
Gonion is the most lateral and interior point on the
mandibular angle.
Selected cephalic dimensions
MAXIMUM HEAD WIDTH (eu – eu)
The distance between both euryon
points
WIDTH OF THE FACE – BIZYGION
DISTANCE (zy – zy)
The distance between both zygion
points measured perpendicularly
to the sagittal plane
Selected cephalic dimensions
MAXIMUM HEAD LENGTH (g – op)
The distance between the glabella
and opisthocranion
MORPHOLOGICAL HEIGHT OF
THE FACE (n – gn)
The distance between the nasion
and the gnathion
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
The circumference measured
around the head, over the
glabella and opisthocranion
Used Instrument
Quality recording paper.
Quality recording paper.
Definition of anthropological points
(landmarks) Because the body can assume
a variety of postures, anthropometric
description is always in reference to the
anatomical position. This is where the
subject is oriented to a standing position
with head and eyes directed forward,
upper limbs hanging by the sides with the
palms forward, thumbs pointing away from
the sides with fingers pointing directly
downward, and the feet together with the
toes pointing directly forward.
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
The maximum circumference
of the head with the tape
passing over the glabella
and opisthocranion
MAXIMUM HEAD LENGTH
The direct distance between the glabella and opisthocranion
MAXIMUM HEAD WIDTH
The direct distance between both euryon points
WIDTH OF THE FACE - BIZYGION
DISTANCE
The direct distance between both zygion points
MORPHOLOGICAL HEIGHT
OF THE FACE
The direct distance between the nasion and the gnathion
SELECTED POINTS ON THE BODY
AKROMIALE (a)
- the most lateral point on the acromion process of
scapula when the subject is standing erect with
shoulders relaxed, arms hanging freely by the sides
of the body
DAKTYLION (da)
-the most distal point of the 3rd finger when the
subject is standing erect, the arm is hanging and the
fingers are stretched downward
ILIOCRISTALE (ic)
- the most laterally projecting point of the crest of
the ilium
ILIOSPINALE ANTERIUS (is)
- the most prominent point of the anterior superior
spine of the ilium
SELECTED POINTS ON THE BODY
MESOSTERNALE (mst)
-the point on the front side of the chest lying on the
midline in the centre of the sternum where the 4th
rib is attached
THELION (th)
- the midpoint of the nipple
VERTEX (v)
- the most superior point on the skull, in the
midsagittal plane, when the head is held
in the Frankfurt plane
SELECTED BODY DIMENSIONS
OMPHALION (om)
PTERNION (pte)
AKROPODION (ap)
METATARSALE TIBIALE
(mt. t.)
FIBULARE (mt. f.)
BODY HEIGHT
The vertical distance
between the vertex
and the platform
The subject stands
erect on a flat surface,
feet together, head is
held in the Frankfurt
plane, the arms hang
freely along the sides.
The back, buttocks
and heels are in contact
with a vertical wall
HEIGHT SITTING
The vertical distance from
the vertex to a horizontal
desk on which subject is
seated.
HEIGHT OF ACROMIALE POINT
The vertical distance of
the acromiale from the
ground when the subject
is standing erect with
relaxed shoulders,
arms hanging loose
at the sides.
HEIGHT OF DACTYLION POINT
The vertical distance of the
dactylion from the ground
when the subject
is standing erect.
The shoulders are at the
same position as above,
the arm straight
throughout the
measurement and
the fingers stretched
downward.
HEIGHT OF ILIOSPINALE
ANTERIUS POINT
The vertical distance of
the most prominent
point of the anterior
superior spine of the
ilium from the ground
BIACROMIAL WIDTH
The distance between the most lateral points on the
acromion processes measured from the front.
The subject stands erect, shoulders relaxed, arms hanging
loosely at the sides .
BIILIOCRISTAL WIDTH
The distance between the
most lateral points on the
superior border
of the iliac crest measured
from the front
BIEPICONDYLAR WIDTH
OF HUMERUS
The direct distance between medial and lateral epicondyles of
the humerus when the subject is seated and the arm is raised
forward to the horizontal and the forearm is flexed to a right
angle at the elbow.
BIEPICONDYLAR WIDTH
OF FEMUR
The direct distance
between medial and lateral
epicondyles of the femur
when the subject is seated
and the leg is flexed at the
knee to form a right angle
with the thigh.
FOOT LENGTH
The distance between pternion and akropodion on the standing
subject. The body weight is spread to both legs equally.
FOOT WIDTH
the maximum direct distance between metatarsale tibiale and
metatarsale fibulare points on the standing subject.
The body weight is spread to both legs equally.
CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE ACROSS
THELION / MESOSTERNALE
The circumference measured closely
above the nipples, in adolescent
girls at the level of the
mesosternale. The chest is in a
”normal” position, neither during
inhalation nor exhalation. The
metric tape should be pressed
lightly against the body following
a line under inferior angles of the
shoulder-blade.
ABDOMINAL CIRCUMFERENCE
The perimeter at the level of the navel (omphalion)
measured horizontally; the subject stands erect with
his abdomen relaxed.
GLUTEAL THIGH
CIRCUMFERENCE
the perimeter of the thigh just below the gluteal furrow,
tape is positioning perpendicularly to the limb´s
lengthwise axis. The subject stands with his feet slightly
apart and his weight evenly distributed on both feet.
MEDIUM THIGH
CIRCUMFERENCE
The perimeter of the thigh in the middle of the distance
between the trochanterion point and the lateral
epicondylus of femur perpendicular to the leg´s
lengthwise axis; the subject stands erect, legs slightly
apart, weight equally distributed on both feet.
CALF CIRCUMFERENCE MAXIMAL
Maximum calf circumference measured across the greatest
bulge of the gastrocnemius muscle; the subject position is
the same as for thigh´s circumferences.
ARM CIRCUMFERENCE RELAXED
The perimeter in the
middle of the distance
between the acromiale
point and the elbow´s tip
(olecranon ulnae) on the
free hanging arm
Skinfolds thicknessess
The most often used data from athropometric
measurement is that obtained from skinfolds. It has
been very popular to use the sum of varying numbers
of skinfolds to calculate percentage body fat.
Any combination of skinfolds can be used, but if
a realistic assessment of subcutaneous fat is to be
gained, sites must be chosen from both the upper and
lower body. The most commonly used combination
features six sites – triceps, subscapular, supraspinale,
abdominal, front thigh and medial calf.
Mostly used types of caliper are Best and Harpenden
(this type are much variations).
BICEPS SKINFOLD
The caliper is applied 1 cm
distally from the left
thumb and index finger
raising a vertical fold at
the marked midacromiale-radiale line on
the anterior surface of the
right arm
TRICEPS SKINFOLD
The caliper is applied 1 cm
distally from the left thumb
and index finger raising
a vertical fold at the marked
mid-acromiale-radiale line on
the posterior surface of the
right arm.
SUBSCAPULAR SKINFOLD
The caliper is applied 1 cm
distally from the left thumb
and index finger, raising a
fold oblique to the inferior
angle of the scapula in
a direction running obliquely
downwards in a lateral
direction at an angle
of about 45 from the
horizontal along the natural
fold.
SUPRAILIAC SKINFOLD
The caliper is applied 1 cm anteriorly from the left thumb and
index finger raising a fold 3 cm up the border of the ilium
and a line the spinale to the anterior axillary border. The fold
follows the natural fold lines running medially downwards
at a 45 angle from horizontal.
BODY WEIGHING
Our anthropometric examinations
Matiegka´s Equations
90 years ago, the Czechoslovakian anthropologist
Jindřich Matiegka proposed method for the anthropometric
fractionation of body mass into four main components:
• skeletal mass
• fat mass
• muscle mass
• residual or vital organ/visceral mass (Matiegka, 1921).
WHY TO USE Matiegka´s FORMULAS?
1. They are based on European populations.
2. We have proved their usefulness both theoretically
and for practice.
3. The method is non-invasive, easy to use in the field,
suitable for short-time examination of patients and
relatively cheap in use.
4. Matiegka´s formulas are part of a special
anthropological PC programme ANTROPO,
which makes automatic processing of
anthropometric data possible.
Matiegka´s FORMULAS FOR ESTIMATION OF
BOD COMPONENTS
MATIEGKA’S FORMULAS
W=O+D+M+R
W - body weight in grams
O - skeletal mass in grams
D - mass of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue in grams
M - muscles mass in grams
R - residual mass in grams
MASS OF THE SKIN AND
SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE TISSUE - D
D = d x S x k2
1
d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6
d = --- x --------------------------------2
6
d - sum of skinfolds in centimetres
d1 - upper arm above biceps skinfold
d2 - anterior side of the forearm at maximum breadth skinfold
d3 - thigh above the quadriceps muscle halfway between the inguinal fold and
the knee
d4 - calf (mediale)
d5 - thorax at the costal margin halfway between the nipples and the navel
(chest 2)
d6 - on the abdomen in the upper third of distance between the navel
and the superior anterior iliac spine
S - body surface area in square centimetres (Dubois)
k2 – 0.13
Skinfolds thickness in centimetres
RESIDUAL MASS - R
R1 = b x H x k4
b1 + b2 + b3
b4
b = ----------------- + -------------6
2
R2 = W – (O + D + M)
RMatiegka = W x 0.206
R - Eligible:
R1 - residual calculated in grams
R2 - mass of the remainder in grams (residual supplemented)
RMatiegka – residual calculated according to Matiegka (1921)
H - body height
k4 - 0.34
b1 - biacromial width
b2 - bicristal width
b3 - transverse diameter of the chest
b4 - sagittal diameter of the chest
W - body weight in grams
O - skeleton mass in grams
D - mass of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue in grams
M - muscles mass in grams
All measurements are in centimetres
SKELETAL MASS - O
O = o2 x H x k1
o1 + o2 + o3 + o4
o = ---------------------4
o1 – width of the distal humeral epiphysis
o2 – width of the wrist
o3 – width of the distal femoral epiphysis
o4 – width of the ankle
H – body height
k1 – 1.2
All measurements are in centimetres
MUSCLE MASS – M
r1 + r2 + r3 + r4
M = x H x k3
r = ----------------------4
r - representing the radii calculated from circumferences in centimetres
Cr1 – circumference of the relaxed arm in centimetres
Cr2 – maximum circumference of the forearm in centimetres
Cr3 – median circumference of the thigh in centimetres
Cr4 - maximum circumference of the calf in centimetres
H – body height in centimetres
k3 – 6.5
The circumferences must be corrected for the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue + skin
(fat)
r2
Formula for computing of radius (rx) of circumferences (Crx) corrected for fat
Crx – 3.1416 x skinfold
rx = --------------------------------------------2 x 3.1416
References,where Matiegka’s equations were published:
Bláha P. et al.: Anthropometric studies of Czech preschool
children from 3 to 7 years. Praha, 1990.
Drinkwater D.T. and Ross W.D.: Anthropometric Fractionation of
Body Mass. In: Kinanthropometry II., pp.178–189.University
Park Press,Baltimore 1980.
Fetter at al.: Antropologie. Academia. Praha 1967.
Matiegka J.: The testing of physical efficiency. Am. J. Phys.
Anthrop.. 4: 223-230, 1921.
Pařízková J.: Body fat and physical fitness. Martinus Nijhof b.v.
Medical Division. The Hague, 1977.
Sportanthropologie: Fragestellungen, Methoden und Ergnebnisse
am Beispiel der Luftisziplinen und des Skurrensports. Bernard
Wolfram, Klaus Jung, Unter. Mitarb. von E. Ammann.G.
Fischer, 1998, ISBN 3-437-25376-X
Body Mass Indexes
WEIGHT
HEIGHT
RATIO = W/X
BODY MASS INDEX
ROHRERŮV INDEX
BMI = (W/X2) 103
R = (W/X3) 106
BMI differentiated into two components:
BODY FAT and LEAN BODY MASS
W
F
LBM
BMI = ------- + ------ + ----------H2
H2
H2
W – body weight in kg
H – body height in meters
F – body fat mass in kg
LBM – lean body mass in kg
The Heath-Carter somatotype methods
A somatotype is a classification of physique based on
the concept of shape, disregarding size.
The pre-eminent system of somatotype classification is
the Heath-Carter somatotype. This shows the relative
dominance of Endomorphy (relative fatness),
Mesomorphy (relative musculo-skeletal robustness)
and Ectomorphy (relative linearity). Each component is
identified in the sequence endomorphy-mesomorphyectomorphy and, when anthropometrically-derived,
expressed to the nearest one-tenth rating,
e.g. 1.4.-6.0-3.2, an ectomorphic mesomorph,
or ecto-mesomorph. Ratings of 2 to 2.5 are considered
low, 3 to 5 are moderate, 5.5 to 7 are high and 7.5
and above are very high (Carter, 1996). The derivation
equations for each component are as follows.
Endomorphy
-0.7182 + 0.1451*∑SF – 0.00068*∑SF2 +
0.0000014*∑SF3
[where ∑SF = sum of triceps, subscapular and
supraspinale skinfolds multiplied by
(170.18/height in cms)]
Mesomorphy
0.858*humerus breadth + 0.601*femur
breadth + 0.188*corrected arm girth +
0.161*corrected calf girth – height*0.131 + 4.5
Ectomorphy
One of three equations is used depending on the value
of the calculated Height Weight Ratio (HWR)
of the subject. [HWR is height/body mass333].
If HWR is greater than, or equal to 40.75 then
ectomorphy = 0.732*HWR – 28.58
If HWR is less than 40.75 and greater than
38.25 then ectomorphy = 0.463*HWR -17.63
If HWR is equal to or less than 38.25
then ectomorphy = 0.1
Computer programme
ANTROPO