Anatomy and Embryology of the Pharynx
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Transcript Anatomy and Embryology of the Pharynx
Anatomy and
Embryology of the
Pharynx
Jared Bradley Turner, MD
January 7, 2005
Embryology
Components of
branchial/pharyngeal
apparatus:
1) Pharyngeal arches
2) Pharyngeal pouches
3) Pharyngeal
clefts/grooves
Pharyngeal (branchial) arches
Derived from neural crest cells
Resemble fish gills (branchia)
Begin to develop early in the 4th week
By end of 4th week, four pairs of arches are
visible on the surface (not 5th and 6th ) and a
buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures forming
communication between primitive oral cavity and
foregut
Pharyngeal arches (cont.)
Contribute to the
formation of the neck as
well as the face.
Visible structures at 42
weeks:
1st arch: mandibular
prominence, maxillary
prominences, and the
frontonasal prominence
Pharyngeal arches (cont.)
Core of mesenchymal tissue
covered by surface ectoderm
(outside) and by endodermal
epithelium (inside)
Ectoderm -> skeletal
Mesoderm -> muscles with
accompanying nerve
Arterial component (aortic
arches)
Therefore, each arch carries
nerve, muscle, bone and blood
supply
First pharyngeal arch
Maxillary process (dorsal)
Premaxilla,
maxilla, zygomatic bone, portion
of temporal bone
Mandibular process (ventral)
Meckel’s cartilage which disappears
except for dorsal end (incus & malleus) and
mandible
Contains
First pharyngeal arch
Muscles of mastication, digastric (ant
belly), mylohyoid, tensor tympani and
tensor palatini
Therefore, the accompanying motor nerve
is the mandibular branch of trigeminal (V2)
and sensory are V1, V2, and V3
1st aortic arch practically disappears but
forms the maxillary artery
Second pharyngeal arch
Reichert’s cartilage – stapes, styloid process,
stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper part
of the hyoid
Muscles include: stapedius, stylohyoid, digastric
(post belly), auricular, and those of facial
expression
Facial nerve (CN VII)
2nd aortic arch – stapedial & hyoid arteries
Third pharyngeal arch
Cartilaginous contributions include greater horn
and lower part of hyoid
Sole muscle: stylopharyngeus
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
3rd aortic arch (quite large): common carotid, 1st
portion of internal carotid (remainder dorsal
aorta), and external carotid
Fourth & sixth pharyngeal arch
Cartilaginous contributions to larynx derived from fusion:
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
Muscles of 4th: cricothyroid, levator palatini, and
pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by SLN (CN X)
Muscles of 6th: intrinsics of larynx are innervated by RLN
(CN X)
4th aortic arch: L->arch of aorta & R->subclavian
6th aortic arch: L & R pulmonary with ductus arteriosus
on left
Pharyngeal pouches (5)
1st:tubotympanic recess->
middle ear & eustacian
tube -> TM
2nd palatine tonsil/fossa
3rd: inferior parathyroid
(dorsal), thymus (ventral)
4th: superior parathyroid
5th: ultimobranchial body
-> calcitonin producing C
cells (parafollicular)
Pharyngeal clefts/grooves (4)
1st: external auditory
meatus
2nd-4th : epicardial
ridge and cervical
sinus (disappears)
Anatomy of the pharynx
Anatomy (cont.)
Extends from base of skull to inferior
border of cricoid cartilage anteriorly and
inferior border of C6 posteriorly
Widest portion (5cm) at hyoid
Narrowest portion (1.5cm) at caudal end
Divided into 3 parts: nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and laryngo(hypo)pharynx
Nasopharynx
Respiratory function
Anterior: choana (posterior nasal aperture)
Posterior: pharyngobasilar membrane and
superior constrictor muscle
Superior: basilar portion of occipital bone
Inferior: soft palate
Oropharynx
Digestive function
Anterior: anterior tonsillar pillar
Posterior: superior constrictor
Superior: soft palate
Inferior: base of tongue, superior epiglottis
Laterally: palatoglossal and
palatopharyngeal arches
Hypopharynx
Lies posterior to the larynx
Superior: superior border of epiglottis and
pharyngoepiglottic folds
Inferior: inferior border of the cricoid
Posterior/lateral: middle & inferior
constrictors, bodies of C4-C6
Anterior: laryngeal inlet
Pharyngeal muscles
Pharyngeal muscles
External circular and internal longitudinal
(opposite in remainder of GI tract)
External: 3 constrictors (CN XI via X and
ELN/RLN for middle and inferior) function to
constrict wall of pharynx during swallow
Internal: palatopharyngeus and
salpingopharyngeus (CN XI via X) and
stylopharyngeus (CN IX) act to elevate pharynx
and larynx during speech/swallow
Pharyngeal muscles
Tensor veli palatini (V3) tenses soft palate
& opens ET during yawn/swallow
Levator veli palatini (CN XI via X) elevates
palate during swallow/yawn
Palatoglossus (CN XI via X) approximates
tongue and soft palate
Pharyngeal muscles
Pharyngeal lymphatic drainage
Oral cavity
I, II, III
Oro/hypopharynx
deep
II, III, IV
Nasopharynx
II,
V, III
Pharyngeal vessels
Afferent innervation of pharynx