Transcript Managing people in sport organisations: A strategic

Chapter 4
Author: Brudzynski
Fig. 1. Pathways supporting vocal communication in humans and monkeys. The pathways for parallel brain processing are
labeled with black arrows. These are termed “ what, ” “ where ” and “ how, ” reflecting their respective contribution in evaluating
what a sensory object is, where it is located in sensory space and how it was generated. Although the figure suggests a close
correspondence between the human and monkey brain, it remains unclear how many pathways there are, their precise roles
and the extent of the homologies between the species. The inserts illustrate the functional organization of the auditory cortex.
Cortical processing begins with the primary auditory cortex (see the lighter region in the enlarged inserts, which includes
field AI in monkeys and its presumed homolog hAI in humans). The colors of the insert reflect the direction of the tonotopic
gradients of the auditory fields (dark blue: fields with high to low frequency preference toward the anterior direction; light
green: fields with low to high frequency preference in the anterior direction). Data such as these can be used to functionally
parcellate the auditory cortex and delineate borders between fields with mirror reversed tonotopic gradients. More detailed
processing of sound follows in the hierarchically higher auditory “ belt ” and “ parabelt ” regions of auditory cortex. See the text
for further details and references. This figure contains a rendered human brain image kindly contributed by J. Obleser and an
example of the mapping of human auditory cortical fields contributed by E. Formisano. Abbreviations: AL: antero-lateral;
CL: caudo-lateral; CM: caudo-medial; CPB: caudal parabelt; LS: lateral sulcus; ML: medio-lateral MM: medio-medial; STS:
superior temporal sulcus; RM: rostro-medial; RPB: rostral parabelt; RL: rostro-lateral; RT: rostro-temporal; RTL: rostrotemporal
lateral; RTM: rostro-temporal medial
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Fig. 2. Comparative summary of human, chimpanzee and macaque processing of
species-specific communication sounds.
Colored circles summarize several functional imaging results (see key) focusing on the
stimulus-bound processing of vocal
signals in the temporal lobe. For humans, we summarize the peaks of activity reported
in studies of voice sensitivity ( Belin
et al., 2000 ; Belin and Zatorre, 2003 ; von Kriegstein et al., 2003 ), voice identity (
Belin and Zatorre, 2003 ; von Kriegstein
et al., 2003 ) and the sublexical or stimulus-bound aspects of speech ( DehaeneLambertz et al., 2005 ; Liebenthal et al., 2005 ;
Rimol et al., 2005 ; Obleser et al., 2006 ; Obleser et al., 2007 ); for the exact coordinates
of the summaries in humans and monkeys see Petkov et al., 2009 (in press). For
chimpanzees we summarize a recent study evaluating chimp vocal sound processing in
these great apes ( Taglialatela et al., 2009 ). For the macaque brain we show the
sensitivity to macaque vocalizations from both PET ( Poremba et al., 2004 ; Gil-daCosta et al., 2006 ) and fMRI ( Petkov et al., 2008 ) studies. The monkey voice sensitive
regions (orange circles) and voice-identity selective regions (yellow circle) identified in
the monkey fMRI study ( Petkov et al., 2008 ) can be directly compared with the human
studies on human voice sensitivity and selectivity (compare the orange and yellow
circles in the human and macaque). For macaques, we also identify electrophysiological
recording sites (see the lower key), from the temporal ( Rauschecker et al., 1995 ; Tian
et al., 2001 ; Ghazanfar et al., 2005 ; Ghazanfar et al., 2008 ; Russ et al., 2008 ), parietal
( Gifford and Cohen, 2005 ) and prefrontal cortices ( Romanski and GoldmanRakic, 2002 ; Cohen et al., 2004 ; Gifford et al., 2005 ; Sugihara et al., 2006 ). This
figure contains a rendered chimpanzee brain
image kindly contributed by J. Taglialatela. For abbreviations, see Fig. 1
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