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MOTOR SYSTEMS: THE CEREBELLUM
AND BASAL GANGLIA
D. C. MIKULECKY
PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY
AND
FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM
THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL
GANGLIA COORDINATE MOVEMENTS
THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN
PLANNING, COORDINATION, AND
POSTURE
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LOBES
INVOLVED IN LIMB MOVEMENT
FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE IS INVOLVED
IN EQUILIBRIUM AND POSTURE
ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM
Lateral
Intermediate
Zone
Zone
Floculonodular Lobe
SOMATIC SENSORY PROJECTIONS ONTO
THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CEREBELLUM
PLANNING OF A MOVEMENT
CONTROL OF POSTURE AND
EQUILIBRIUM
CONTROL OF SMOOTH LIMB MOVEMENT
CELL TYPES AND CIRCUITS
IN THE CEREBELLUM
PURKINJE CELLS ARE THE MOST
PROMINENT OF ALL THE CEREBELLAR CELL
TYPES
TWO INPUTS: CLIMBING FIBERS (FROM
OLIVARY NUCLEUS) AND PARALLEL
FIBERS FROM GRANULE CELLS
OUTPUT VARIES ACORDING TO INPUT:
CLIMING FIBERS LEAD TO COMPLEX
PATTERNS WHILE PARALLEL FIBERS
GENERATE SIMPLE PATTERNS
THE BASAL GANGLIA
THE BASAL GANGLIA PLAN
MOVEMENTS
PRIMARY INPUT FROM NEOCORTEX
OTHER INPUTS FROM THE THALAMUS
AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
GLOBUS PALLIDUS PROVIDES OUTPUT
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
BASAL GANGLIA:
AFFERENT CONNECTIONS
CORTEX
CAUDATE
THALAMUS
PUTAMEN
SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA
BASAL GANGLIA: INTRINSIC
CONNECTIONS
CORTEX
CAUDATE
THALAMUS
PUTAMEN
GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA
BASAL GANGLIA: EFFERENT
CONNECTIONS
CAUDATE
THALAMUS
PUTAMEN
GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA
BASAL GANGLIA OUTPUT TO
CORTEX VIA THALAMUS
MODULATE DESCENDING COMPONENTS
OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM
ADDITIONAL OUTPUTS TO SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA USE DOPAMINE AS
NEUROTRANSMITTER: THESE
DEGENERATE IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS
SENSE MOTION
THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR,
INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL
UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR
ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND
VERTICLE PLANES
THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS:
UTRICLE & SACCULUS
ONE CANAL
IN EACH
COORDINATE
PLANE
UTRICLE
&
SACCULUS
AMPULLA
THE UTRICLE &
SACCULUS
OTOCONIA
(CALCIUM
CARBONATE
CRYSTALS)
NERVE
CELLS
OTOLITHIC
MEMBRANEGELATINOUS
LAYER
HAIR
CELLS
THE UTRICLE &
SACCULUS
OTOCONIA
(CALCIUM
CARBONATE
CRYSTALS)
NERVE
CELLS
HEAD MOVEMENT
OTOLITHIC
MEMBRANEGELATINOUS
LAYER
HAIR
CELLS
THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS:
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
ONE CANAL
IN EACH
COORDINATE
PLANE
UTRICLE
&
SACCULUS
AMPULLA
THE AMPULLA
NERVE
CELLS
HAIR
CELLS
THE AMPULLA
MOVEMENT OF HEAD
INERTIAL FLUID
MOVEMENT
NERVE
CELLS
FIRE
HAIR
CELLS
BENT
DISEASES OF THE MOTOR
SYSTEM
UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON LESIONS
CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESIONS
LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS
CEREBELLAR LESIONS
UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON
LESIONS
PARALYSIS ON SIDE OF BODY OPPOSITE
LESION
INCREASED MUSCLE TONE
EXTENSION OF BIG TOE AND BABINSKI
SIGN
LACK OF MUSCLE ATROPHY
CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
LESIONS
LOSS OF STRENGTH AND MOVEMENT OF
MUSCLE GROUPS
LOSS OF STRENGTH IN VOLUNTARY
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
BABINSKI SIGN
LOWER MOTOR NEURON
LESIONS
IPSOLATERAL HYPOACTIVE REFLEXES
PARALYSIS
FLACID MUSCLES WITH PROMINENT
ATROPHY
CEREBELLAR LESIONS
IPSILATERAL DISTURBANCES
LATERAL LESIONS RESULT IN
COORDINATION LOSS
LESIONS IN THE VERMIS PRODUCE
ATAXIA (LOSS OF COORDINATION)
FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE LESIONS
PRODUCE EQUILIBRIUM DISTURBANCE
AND ATAXIA