What is Life?
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Transcript What is Life?
What is Life?
Living Things
What are the requirements to be called a living thing?
Sometimes nonliving things have some living characteristics,
Must have ALL characteristics to be considered living
The Characteristics of Life
Living and nonliving things
share common characteristics,
such as being composed of
atoms, the smallest units of
natural substances.
1. Cellular Organization
All Living things are composed of cells
2. Reproduction
All living things reproduce
Every living things goal is to…
Pass on its genes
Essential for the
continuation of the species
3. Grow and Develop
Goes along with reproduction
Must go from egg to breeding adult to be able to
pass on genes
Goes through stages
4. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Regulation of
Body temperature
water
vitamins
food
energy
minerals
5. Metabolism
All living things use energy
Ability to break down food for use to make
energy
“Respiration”
Taking a food molecule with oxygen and making
energy and carbon dioxide
Food + O2 = ATP (energy) + CO2
6. Heredity
All living things contain genetic information in
DNA
The transmission of genetic information from
parent to offspring is heredity
Other characteristic that living things
show
Complexity
Movement
Sensitivity
Adaptation
Death
The Human Body:
An Orientation
The Human Body – An
Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the structure
and shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body
and its parts work or function
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Life’s Organization
Life is organized on many levels.
Atoms and molecules are nonliving materials from
which all of nature is built.
Cells are organized into increasingly complex
levels: tissues >>> organs >>> organ systems >>>
organisms.
Organisms, in turn, form populations >>>
communities >>> ecosystems >>> biosphere.
Levels of Organization in Nature
Levels of Organization in Nature
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body
covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Organ System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Organ System Overview
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Organ System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to internal
and external change
• Activates muscles and
glands
Organ System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Organ System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Organ System Overview
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Organ System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Organ System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Organ System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Anatomical Position
• Anatomical
position- body
erect with feet
parallel and
arms at sides
with palms
forward.
The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to
prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Directional Terms
• Superior- toward head
• Inferior- toward feet
• Anterior- toward front
• Posterior- toward back
• Medial- toward midline
• Lateral- away from midline
Directional Terms
• Intermediate- between a medial and
lateral structure
• Proximal- closer to attachment
• Distal- farther from attachment
• Superficial- toward surface
• Deep- away from surface
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
• abdominal- body trunk
below the ribs
• axillary- armpit
• brachial- arm
• buccal- cheek
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
• carpal- wrist
• cervical- neck
• coxal- hip
• digital- fingers & toes
• femoral- thigh
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
• nasal- nose
• oral- mouth
• orbital- eye cavity
• patellar- front of knee
• pelvic- area in front of
pelvis
• sternal- breastbone
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
• tarsal- ankle
• thoracic- chest
• umbilical- navel
Body Landmarks
• Posterior
• cephalic- head
• deltoid- curve of shoulder
• gluteal- buttock
• occipital- posterior surface
of head
Body Landmarks
• Posterior
• sacral- posterior surface
between hips
• scapular- shoulder blade
• vertebral- spinal column
Body Planes and Sections
• A section is a cut through the
body or an organ along an
imaginary line called a plane.
• Sagittal Section- lengthwise,
divides the body into left and
right parts.
• Midsagittal/Median Section:
when both sides are equal in
size.
Body Planes and Sections
• Frontal Section / Coronal Sectionlengthwise, divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts.
• Transverse Section / Cross
Section- horizontal, divides the
body into superior and inferior
parts.
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
Body Cavities
•Dorsal Body Cavity
•Cranial and Spinal cavities.
•Ventral Body Cavity
•Thoracic Cavity
•Diaphragm- thin muscle that separates
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
•Abdominopelvic Cavity
•Abdominal Cavity
•Pelvic Cavity
Body Cavities