Transcript Movement Terminology (cont`d)

Chapter 2:
The Body and Its Terminology
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Introduction
• Learning terminology is integral part of proficiency
• Study of human body involves scientific names for
structures, locations, and physiological mechanisms
• For manual therapists, medical terminology allows clear
communication
• Medical terminology is needed for understanding
pathologies and scientific research
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Orientation to the Body
• Anatomic position: standard body reference position used
to navigate anatomical terminology
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Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
• Body planes: used to describe location and position of
structures (see Figure 2-2)
– Sagittal plane: vertically divides body or part into
right and left
– Frontal (coronal) plane: vertically divides body or
part into front and back
– Transverse (horizontal) plane: horizontally divides
body or part into top and bottom
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Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
• Directional terms clearly communicate position of one
body part in relation to another
– Example: “the scar is superior and lateral to the left
nostril”
• Directional terms are easier to understand and remember
in pairs of contrasting terms (see Figure 2-3)
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Key Directional Terms
Term
Definition
anterior (ventral)
front
posterior (dorsal)
back
lateral
farther from midline
medial
closer to midline
superior (cephalad)
above; closer to head
inferior (caudal)
below; closer to feet
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Key Directional Terms (cont’d)
Term
Definition
proximal
closer to attachment point
distal
farther from attachment point
superficial
closer to the surface
deep
farther from the surface
contralateral
opposite side of the median
ipsilateral
on same side of the median
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Orientation to the Body (cont’d)
• Movement terminology describes how structures move in
general and in relation to other parts
– Movements on frontal plane move toward
(adduction) or away from (abduction) midline
– Movements on transverse plane move toward
(horizontal adduction) or away from (horizontal
abduction) midline
– Movements on sagittal plane move toward front
(flexion) or back (extension)
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Movement Terminology
• Abduction and adduction
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Movement Terminology (cont’d)
• Horizontal abduction and adduction
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Movement Terminology (cont’d)
• Flexion and extension
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Movement Terminology (cont’d)
• Rotation and circumduction
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Common Anatomical Terminology
• Understanding terms important for study of body
• Anatomical terminology describes location and relative
position of structures more precisely
• Manual therapists use medical language to communicate
with health care community
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Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots
• Many anatomy and physiology terms formed by
combining word roots, prefixes, and suffixes
• Knowing common word parts makes it easier to
understand complex terms
• See Table 2-3 for common word parts used in manual
therapies
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Body Regions
• Regional terminology describes areas and divisions of
body more precisely
• See Table 2-4 and Figures 2-8 through 2-10 for common
terms referring to body regions
• Examples of regional terms: sternal, carpal, scapular,
lumbar, gluteal, femoral, calcaneal, plantar
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Body Cavities
• Four primary body cavities: ventral (anterior) or dorsal
(posterior) - see Figure 2-11
• Ventral cavities: thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) and
abdominopelvic cavity (organs within abdomen and
pelvis)
– Quadrant method and nine-region method used to
subdivide abdominopelvic cavity (see Figure 2-12)
• Dorsal cavities: cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity
(spinal cord)
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Pathology Classifications and Terminology
• Pathology: study of disease
• Manual therapists should know commonly used
classifications and terminology
• See Table 2-5 for basic pathology terms
– Examples: acute, chronic, contraindication,
diagnosis, lesion, prognosis, sign, symptom
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Classifications of Disease
• Diseases broadly classified by causes:
– Infectious
• Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites)
– Environmental (e.g., cigarette smoke)
– Hereditary (e.g., hemophilia)
– Nutrition and lifestyle (e.g., dietary deficiencies)
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