Transcript Ch 1 BS and CH 2 MT Structural Units

INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL UNITS
CHAPTER 1 Body Structures
and
HUMAN BODY IN HEALTH
AND DISEASE
Chapter 2 Medical Terminology
ANATOMIC REFERENCE
SYSTEMS
Used to describe location/function of body
parts
Include:
– Body Planes
– Body Directions
– Body Cavities
– Structural Units
Anatomy and Physiology Defined
– Anatomy: the study of the structures of the body
– Physiology: the study of the function of the structures
of the body
STANDARD
ANATOMIC POSITION
• The body is described based on this position –
especially in RADIOLOGY
 ERECT – in the standing position
 FACING FORWARD
 WITH ARMS AT SIDES
 HANDS WITH PALMS TOWARD THE
FRONT (SUPINATED)
BODY PLANES
Imaginary horizontal and vertical lines used
to divide the body into sections for
descriptive purposes
Vertical Planes
– Up-and-down line at a right angle to the horizon
Midsagittal plane: AKA midline – vertical plane that divides
the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves
Sagittal plane: any vertical plane parallel to the midline that
divides the body into unequal left and right portions
Coronal plane: AKA frontal plane – (coron = head or crown/
al = pertaining to) any vertical plane, at right angles to the
sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) portions
Horizontal Planes
Flat crosswise line like the horizon
– Transverse plane: AKA horizontal plane –
divides the body into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) portions
Can be at waist or any other level of the body
Body Directions
Relative location of the whole body or an
organ is described through the use of pairs
of contrasting body direction terms
– Ventral: front/belly side of body or organ – abdomen
– Dorsal: back of body or organ – spine
– Anterior: situated in front – also means forward part
of an organ – stomach is anterior to the pancreas
– Posterior: situated in the back – also means on the
back part of an organ – pancreas is located posterior
to the stomach
– Superior: uppermost, above, or toward the head –
lungs are superior to the diaphragm
– Inferior: lowermost, below, or toward the feet –
stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm
Body Directions - continued
Cephalic: means toward the head
Caudal: means toward the lower part of the body (feet)
Proximal: situated nearest the midline or beginning of a
body structure – the shoulder is proximal to the elbow
Distal: situated farthest from the midline or beginning of
a body structure - Elbow is distal to the shoulder
Medial: direction toward or nearer the midline – spine
Lateral: direction toward or nearer the side and away
from the midline – lateral ligament of knee is near the
side of the leg
Bilateral: relating to, or having, two sides
Major Body Cavities
 A space within the body that contains and protects the
internal organs
– Dorsal Cavity
divided into two parts, protects the structures of the nervous system that
coordinate the bodily functions
Cranial Cavity: located within the skull, protects the brain
Spinal Cavity: located within the spinal column, protects the spinal cord
– Ventral Cavity
Divided into three parts, contains many of the body organs that maintain
homeostasis
– HOMEOSTASIS: maintaining a constant internal environment
Thoracic Cavity: AKA Chest Cavity – protects the heart and lungs
DIAPHRAGM: muscle that separated the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Abdominal Cavity: contains primarily the major organs of digestion
Pelvic Cavity: the space formed by the pelvic (hip) bones – contains primarily
the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
Abdominopelvic Cavity: there is no division btwn. the abdominal and pelvic
cavities
Divisions of the Abdomen
The abdomen is divided into four
imaginary quadrants – meaning divided
into 4 (used to describe where organ or
pain is located)
– Right Upper Quadrant – (RUQ)
– Left Upper Quadrant – (LUQ)
– Right Lower Quadrant – (RLQ)
– Left Lower Quadrant – (LLQ)
Regions of the Thorax and
Abdomen
Used for descriptive purposes also, nine regions divide
abdomen and lower portion of the thorax
– Right and left hypochondriac regions: (Hypochondriac = means below
the ribs) – also means individual with an abnormal and excessive
concern about his or her health
– Epigastric Region: (Epigastric = means above the stomach)
– Right and left Lumbar Regions: (Lumbar = refers to the inward curve of
the spine)
– Umbilical Region: (Umbilical = refers to the umbilicus AKA belly
button/navel – the pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the
point where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus
– Right and left Iliac Regions: (Iliac = refers to the hip bone)
– Hypogastric Region: (Hypogastric = means below the stomach) – the
entire lower region of the abdomen is also referred to as the groin or
inguinal area
Peritoneum
Peritoneum: the membrane that protects and supports
(suspends in place) the organs located in the abdominal cavity
Parietal Peritoneum: the outer layer of this membrane that
lines the abdominal cavity
Visceral Peritoneum: the inner layer of this membrane that
surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
– Visceral: means relating to the internal organs (those enclosed
within a cavity) especially the abdominal organs
Mesentery: a layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of
the intestine within the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal: means located behind the peritoneum of the
abdominal cavity
Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum
Ascites: an abnormal accumulation of clear or milky serous
(watery) fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Laparoscopic Procedures
Laparoscopy: the visual examination of
the interior of the abdomen with the use of
a laparoscope
– Laparoscopic surgery involves the use of a
laparoscope plus instruments inserted into the
abdomen through small incisions – used to
Explore and examine the interior of the abdomen
Take specimens to be biopsied
Perform surgical procedures (i.e. - gastric bi-pass)
ENDOSCOPY
Visualization through a body opening such
as the mouth or nose.
ARTHROSCOPY
Visualization into a joint.