THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
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Transcript THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The Appendicular Skeleton
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Appendicular Skeleton
2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs
Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs
3-Segmented limbs
Upper = arm
Arm
Forearm
Hand
Lower =
Thigh
Leg
Foot
leg
Pectoral
Girdle
(Shoulder Girdle)
Clavicle – anterior: collar bone
Sternal
end attaches to the manubrium
medially
Acromial end articulates with the scapula
laterally
Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade
Scapulae: triangular, paired, but don’t
connect in back (adds thoracic flexibility)
Scapula
Glenoid cavity
articulates with
the humerus
Acromium
articulates with
clavicle
Coracoid
process projects
anteriorly
Upper extremity
Arm or Brachium =
upper arm
Forearm or
Antebrachium
Between shoulder
and elbow (humerus)
Radius & ulna
Hand includes:
Wrist (carpus)
Palm (metacarpus)
Fingers (phalanges)
Arm
Humerus is the only
bone
Head of humerus fits
into glenoid cavity of
scapula
Distal & medially,
trochlea articulates
with the ulna
Distal & laterally
capitulum articulates
with the radius
Medial & lateral
epicondyles
Right
humerus,
anterior view
Right
humerus,
posterior view
Forearm
2 bones: articulate with each
other proximally and distally
Interosseous membrane
between them
Ulna
Olecranon hinges with the
humerus forming elbow
Styloid process distally
Radius
Contributes to wrist joint
Styloid process anchors a
ligament to wrist (thumb side)
Radius is thinner proximally, like a spool
of thread, and wide distally; ulna is
slightly longer and looks like a monkey
wrench (supposedly!)
Right forearm bones,
anterior view
Right forearm bones,
posterior view
Left forearm
prone
Anatomical
position
In the anatomical
position, the radius is
lateral (thumb side); with
pronation the palm
faces posteriorly and the
bones cross
Prone: body lying face down
Suppine: body lying face up
(you can remember prone if you think
about how you would fall forward onto
your face if you passed out)
pronation moves the forearm into the
prone position and supination moves
it back to the anatomical position
Proximal and distal joints of the forearm
proximal ulna
Hand
Proximal is “wrist” – 8 carpal bones
Palm of hand - 5 metacarpals
Fingers (or digits) consist of miniature long bones called
phalanges: thumb (“pollex”) has 2; fingers have 3:
proximal, middle, distal
Right hand, 2 views:
Pelvic Girdle
(Hip Girdle)
Strongly attached to axial skeleton (sacrum)
Deep sockets
More stable than pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Less freedom of movement
Made up of the paired hip bones
“Bony
pelvis” is basin-like structure: hip bones
plus the axial sacrum and coccyx
Hip bone (os coxae): 3 separate
bones in childhood which fuse
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior iliac
spine
Greater sciatic
notch
Forms part of
“acetabulum”
(hip socket)
which receives
ball-shaped
head of femur
ilium
ilium
Ischium
Body
Ramus
Ischial spine
Ischial
tuberosity
Part of socket
ischium
ischium
Pubis
Joins
medially in
pubic
symphysis
Forms
“obturator
foramen”
(large hole)
with ischium
Part of socket
pubis
pubis
Hip bones with labels
False (greater) and
true (lesser) pelvis
Ligaments
Pelvis and childbearing
Male/female differences
Large
& heavy vs light & delicate
Heart shaped pelvic inlet vs oval
Narrow deep true pelvis vs wide & shallow
Narrow outlet vs wide
Less than 90 degree pubic arch vs more than 90
degree
Birth canal changes shape as baby descends:
head turns ¼
Higher:
pelvic inlet (brim) - side to side largest
Lower: pelvic outlet - largest in AP direction
Lower limb
Thigh: femur
Leg (lower
leg)
Tibia
Fibula
Foot
Thigh
Femur is largest, longest
and strongest bone in the
body
Head fits in socket
(acetabulum) of pelvis
Neck is weakest
Greater trochanter
Distal: lateral & medial
condyles and epicondyles
Patella: sesmoid bone
Right femur,
anterior view
Right femur,
posterior view
Leg
Tibia: shin bone
Medial
and lateral
condyles
Tibial tuberosity
Distal medial malleolus
(medial ankle)
Fibula
Distal
lateral malleolus
(lateral ankle)
Interosseous
membrane
Right lower leg,
anterior view
Foot
Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones
Talus:
articulates with
tibia and fibula anteriorly
and calcaneus posteriorly
Calcaneus: heel bone
Smaller cuboid,
navicular, and 3
cunieforms (medial,
intermediate and lateral)
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges
Great
toe is hallux
Right foot, superior (dorsal) view and inferior (plantar) view
Right foot,
lateral and
medial views
Arches