Transcript Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism

Inspiration
Diaphragm:
down
External
Intercostals:
ribs up and
out
Abdominal
Muscles:
down and
out
Boyle’s Law:
PV = constant
• P = pressure
• V = volume
Air moves from areas of high pressure to
areas of low pressure
http://sciencesquad.questacon.edu.au/activities/model_lung.h
http://www.easyrent.tj/001_lib/002_anatomy_3d/3d_models/human_anatomy/male_systems/Male_Respiratory_3.php
http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/Respiratory%20System.htm
http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/bronchi_trachea.html
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 31.
• Phonation threshold pressure
(PTP): smallest subglottal
pressure needed to start selfsustained oscillation
• For low frequency phonation,
PTP is around 3-4 cm H20
• Upper and lower parts of
the vocal folds do not
move as one
• The lower part of the
vocal folds moves first,
followed by the upper
part
• Convergent: lower further
apart than upper
• Divergent: upper further
apart than lower
Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.
• Vagus (CN X)
• Superior laryngeal nerve:
• Cricothyroid (CT)
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve:
• Thyroarytenoid (TA)
• Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
• Lateral Cricoarytenoids (LCA)
• Interarytenoids (IA)
Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.
• PCA:
• Rocks arytenoids away
from midline
• ABducts the vocal folds
• LCA:
• Rocks arytenoids toward
midline
• ADducts the vocal folds
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 107.
• Transverse:
• Pulls arytenoids toward
each other
• ADducts the vocal folds
• Oblique:
• Tips one arytenoid (apex)
toward the other (body)
• ADducts the vocal folds
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 101.
• CT active and TA passive = increase pitch
• Increase length
• Increase stiffness
• TA active and CT passive = decrease pitch
• Decrease length
• Decrease stiffness
• TA and CT contract simultaneously = increase pitch
• Increase stiffness
Mouth
Transmitted
Impedance
Pharynx
Reflected
Glottis
Incident
• Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant)
• The following equation is used to find the frequency
of a specific formant:
Fn = (2n-1)(c/4L)
F = formant
n = formant number
L = vocal tract length
Source-Filter Theory of Voice Production
Source = vocal folds (glottis)
Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity)
“Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many
frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of
these frequencies for radiation from the mouth.”
Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the
fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does not change
the pitch
Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.
• As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant
frequencies decrease
• Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies
• Some ways you can influence vocal tract length:
• Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding
• Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting
• Your book states that the larynx can be raised or
lowered by as much as 2 cm
• Titze 163
Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.
• MOTOR ONLY
• Tongue
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/CN+XII
• When the soft palate is
lowered (Tensor veli
palatini, Palatoglossus), air
enters the nose
• Resonance between 300500 Hz
Zemlin, pg 264.
• Pharyngeal
• Pharynx
• Soft palate
• Gag
• Superior laryngeal
• Pharyngeal constrictor
• Larynx
• Recurrent laryngeal
• Larynx
Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.
• Digastricus
• Mylohyoid
• Geniohyoid
• Connect jaw and hyoid
• Contraction: raise
hyoid, depress jaw
Zemlin, pg 240.
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.
Buccal
Zygomatic
Temporal
• Facial Expression
• Forehead: Temporal
• Blink: Zygomatic
• Nose: Buccal
• Lips: Buccal
• Jaw: Mandibular &
Cervical
http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Nervous-
Mandibular
Cervical