Transcript PPT- History of Anatomy - West Morris Mendham High School

Early Anatomy Studies
Early Asian Influence
Huang Ti,
“The Yellow Emperor”
Father of Chinese Medicine
-2600 BC , wrote “Canon of Medicine”
-Confucian doctrine considered dissection a
defilement of the human body and forbade it.
-Still was able to determine blood of the body
is under the control of the heart.
Greco - Roman Influences
Hippocrates,
460-370 BC
-“Father of Medicine”
- Proponent of Humorism, focusing on
restoring the balance of the “humors”
- Human body is filled with 4 substances:
Black bile (earth), Yellow bile (fire),
Phlegm (water), and Blood (air)
Egyptian Influence
King Ptolemy I,
300 BC
-Allowed and often witnessed human dissections
-Encouraged physicians to dissect criminals
-Greek physician Herophilus (“Father of
Anatomy”) moved to Egypt and performed
scientific dissections of human cadavers. He
supposedly even dissected living criminals
obtained from the prisons of kings!
Greco - Roman Influences
Galen, 129- 199 AD
Greek physician (settled in Rome)
-Imbalance in humors related to
disease
-Performed dissections on animals,
but not human cadavers
-Anatomy studies dominated scientific
thinking for almost two millenia
Renaissance Influences
Leonardo da Vinci,
1452-1519
- Detailed drawings of the human body.
Renaissance Influences
Andreas Vesalius,
1514-1564
Flemish physician
-Moved to Italy, where he taught
and performed dissections on
cadavers.
-1543, Published
“On the Structure of the Human
Body”
-First accurate and detailed study
of human anatomy
-Ended the influence of Galen.
Age of Enlightenment
Anton van Leeuwenhoek,
1632-1723
- Dutch scientist, “Father of Microbiology”
- detailed microscopic observations,
including blood cells and germ cells.
Age of Enlightenment
Jacques Fabien Gautier D’Agoty
(1717-1785)
-French author/artist/printer
-Color studies of human anatomy
Body snatching in the 17th - 19th centuries
-“Resurrectionists” profited from stealing corpses and
selling them to medical schools for dissection
-Anatomy Act of 1832 in England made body snatching a
criminal offense
Toward Modern Anatomy
X-ray technology, 1895 - present
-Best for viewing hard, bony,
and dense structures
“X-ray technology uses electromagnetic
radiation to make images. The image is
recorded on a film, called a radiograph.
The parts of your body appear light or
dark due to the different rates that your
tissues absorb the X-rays. Calcium in
bones absorbs X-rays the most, so bones
look white on the radiograph. Fat and
other soft tissues absorb less, and look
gray. Air absorbs least, so lungs look
black.”
Ultrasound techniques
1950’s - present
“Ultrasound uses high-frequency
sound waves to look at organs and
structures inside the body. Health
care professionals use them to view
the heart, blood vessels, kidneys,
liver and other organs. During
pregnancy, doctors use ultrasound
tests to examine the fetus. Unlike xrays, ultrasound does not involve
exposure to radiation.
During an ultrasound test, a special
technician or doctor moves a device
called a transducer over part of your
body. The transducer sends out
sound waves, which bounce off the
tissues inside your body. The
transducer also captures the waves
that bounce back. Images are
created from these sound waves. “
CT scans, 1970’s-present
(Computed Tomography)
“Computed tomography (CT) is a
diagnostic procedure that uses special Xray equipment to create cross-sectional
pictures of your body. CT images are
produced using X-ray technology and
powerful computers.
The uses of CT include looking for
•Broken bones
•Cancers
•Blood clots
•Signs of heart disease
•Internal bleeding
During a CT scan, you lie still on a table.
The table slowly passes through the
center of a large X-ray machine. The test
is painless. During some tests you receive
a contrast dye, which makes parts of your
body show up better in the image.”
MRI, 1970’s-present
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
“Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) uses a large magnet and
radio waves to look at organs
and structures inside your
body. Health care
professionals use MRI scans to
diagnose a variety of
conditions, from torn
ligaments to tumors. MRIs are
very useful for examining the
brain and spinal cord.
During the scan, you lie on a
table that slides inside a
tunnel-shaped machine. Doing
the scan can take a long time,
and you must stay still. The
scan is painless. The MRI
machine makes a lot of noise.
The technician may offer you
earplugs.”
PET scans, 1970’s-present
(Positron Emission Technology)
“A positron emission
tomography (PET) scan is
an imaging test that uses a
radioactive substance
(called a tracer) to look for
disease in the body.
The PET machine detects
energy given off by the
radioactive substance and
changes it into 3dimensional pictures. The
images are sent to a
computer, where they are
displayed on a monitor for
the health care provider
to read. The PET scan
shows how organs and
tissues are working.”
Fluorescent Proteins
Roger Tsien – Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2008)
MEDICAL IMAGING ANIMATIONS:
http://www.virtualcancercentre.com/humanatlas1/vmc_white.asp?anid=0172
(short video animations of CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and X-Ray)
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3057007
(animations of CT, PET, and other technologies)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2009/0106-detecting_asthma.htm
(detecting asthma with an MRI)
http://discovermagazine.com/photos/07-brain-saving-mind-blowing-hi-tech--medicalimaging?utm_campaign=The%20Brain%27s%20Math%20Instinct%3B%20SleepLearning%3B%20and%20More&[email protected]&utm_medium=Email&ut
m_source=VerticalResponse&utm_term=Brain-Saving%2C%20Mind-Blowing%2C%20HiTech%20Medical%20Imaging
HUMAN ANATOMY TERMS
Body Planes and Sections
1. Sagittal –
longitudinal cut dividing
right and left
2. Frontal (Coronal) lengthwise cut dividing
anterior (front) and
posterior (back)
3. Transverse horizontal cut dividing
superior (upper) and
inferior (lower)
Orientation and Directional Terms
Anterior vs. Posterior – front vs. back
Superior vs. Inferior – above (toward head) vs. below
Medial vs. Lateral – toward midline vs. away from midline
Proximal vs. Distal – toward origin vs. away from origin
Superficial vs. Deep – toward surface vs. more internal
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Abdominopelvic Surface and Cavity
REGIONAL TERMS
ANATOMY RESOURCES
http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/humanbo.html
(Links and other Resources)
http://www.quia.com/jg/394936.html
http://www.quia.com/jg/482717.html
(Anatomy Games: Body Regions, Planes, and Directions)
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15405
(Interactive Reviews)
http://www.powertolearn.com/teachers/lesson_activities/science/CBV.37.S.SCI.R5.F.pdf
(Language of Anatomy Lessons)
http://www.cbu.edu/~aross/APIhome.htm#lab1
College Anatomy Resources
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/
(Anatomy Terms Practice and Sectional Animations)