Transcript powerpoint # 1 anatomical position

Exercise Science
Section 1: The Anatomical Position
• An Introduction to Health and Physical
Education
•
Ted Temertzoglou
•
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
Paul Challen
The Anatomical Position
 Anatomical position: Anatomists and
physiologists view the human body in
this standard starting point
 Body in an upright standing position
 Face and feet pointing forward
 Arms at side and forearms fully
supinated (palms facing forward)
Anatomical Planes
 Anatomical Planes relate to positions in
space and are at right angles to one
another:
 Transverse plane:
 Divides the body into superior and
inferior segments
 Sometimes referred to as a crosssectional view
 Sagittal plane:
 Divides the body into right and left
segments can be (millions of
sagittal planes are possible)
 Mid-sagittal plane – divides the
body into two perfect halves at the
mid-line
 Frontal (coronal) plane:
 Divides the body into anterior and
posterior segments
Anatomical Axes
 Anatomical Axes are used to describe the
direction of movement at joints:
 Longitudinal (polar) axis:
 In a “north-south” relationship to
the anatomical position
 Horizontal (bilateral) axis:
 In an “east-west” relationship to
the anatomical position
 Antero-posterior axis:
 In a “front-to-back” relationship to
the anatomical position
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Flexion - Extension
 Flexion: decreasing the angle
between two bones
 Extension: increasing the angle
between two bones
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Abduction – Adduction – Lateral Flexion
 Abduction: moving away from
the midline
 Adduction: moving towards the
midline
 Lateral Flexion: moving the
spine or neck away from the
midline (also sometimes called
abduction)
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Rotation - Internal Rotation - External Rotation
 Internal rotation: rotating
inward towards the midline (also
called medial rotation)
 External rotation: rotating
outward away from the midline
(also called lateral rotation)
 Rotation: moving a part around
an axis
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Circumduction

Circumduction: circular
motion (combination of
flexion, extension, abduction
and adduction)
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Supination - Pronation
 Supination: lateral rotation of
the hand and forearm
 Pronation: medial rotation of
the hand and forearm
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Protraction - Retraction
 Protraction: moving in a
forward (anterior) position
 Retraction: moving in a
backward (posterior) position
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Dorsiflexion - Plantar Flexion
 Dorsiflexion: pointing the foot
upward
 Plantar flexion: pointing the
foot downward
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Opposition and Reposition
Opposition: moving thumb
toward the fingers
Reposition: returning thumb
back to anatomical position
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Depression - Elevation
Depression: lowering a part
Elevation: raising a part
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Inversion - Eversion
Inversion: moving the sole of the foot
toward the median plane
Eversion: moving the sole of the foot away
from the median plane
Inversion
In terms of RUNNING:
Some salespeople will refer to the “gait” or running
pattern using the following terms:
Pronation = dorsiflexion + abduction + eversion
Supination = plantarflexion + adduction + inversion
Describing Position and Movement
 Anterior: front surface of the body
 Posterior: back surface of the body
 Superior: refers to structures being closer





to the top of the body (excluding limbs)
Inferior: refers to structures being closer to
the lower part of the body (excluding limbs)
Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal
Lateral: away from the midline or midsagittal
Proximal: towards the upper segment of a
limb
Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb
Other Terms: (these aren’t in your workbook!)
Deep - away from the surface/further into the body
Superficial – on the surface or shallow
Supine – lying with the back surface downward (face-up)
Prone – with the front surface downward (face-down)
Relationship Between Axes and Planes
Axis of Rotation
Plane of Motion
Example
Horizontal (Bilateral)
Sagittal
Flexion/Extension
Longitudinal (Polar)
Transverse
Rotation of
extremities/Axial
rotation
Antero-Posterior
Frontal
Abduction/Adduction
Finding Axes and Planes
 Axis of rotation is always
perpendicular to the plane of
movement
 In the anatomical position: all
flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal
plane, all abduction/adduction occurs
in the frontal plane, and all rotation
occurs in the transverse plane
 More involved movements usually
occur as a combination of motions
from more than one plane
Longitudinal Axis
90o
Transverse Plane
Twirling
 What is the axis of rotation?
 Longitudinal/Polar axis
 What is the plane of motion?
 Transverse plane
Various Planes of Movement
MOVEMENT
Stride Jump
Side Bend
Elbow extension
Nodding head
“yes”
Twirling
Shaking head “no”
AXIS
PLANE
Various Planes of Movement
MOVEMENT
AXIS
PLANE
Stride Jump
Antero-Posterior
Frontal
Side Bend
Antero-Posterior
Frontal
Elbow extension
Horizontal
Sagittal
Nodding head “yes” Horizontal
Sagittal
Twirling
Longitudinal/Polar
Transverse
Shaking head “no”
Longitudinal/Polar
Transverse
Read chapter 1 and complete the following
pages in your workbook for tomorrow:
Page 13, 14, 15, 16