Transcript Slide 1
Limb Anatomy Azami PHD Definitions • Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” – Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically • Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems History of Anatomy • Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims. • First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC • Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels) Hippocrates (~370 BC) • Greek physician who studied anatomy • “Father of Anatomy” • Hippocratic oath taken by doctors at graduation Galen • 2nd Century AD • Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers • Also performed vivisection on animals Medicine during Medieval Times (5th 15th ) • When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies. • Cadavers were no longer used • Avicenna ()ابن سینا یا پورسینا 16th Century Contributions • Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers 17th and 18th centuries • Few dissections were allowed • Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them • Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection 19th Century • Began studying developmental anatomy • England became the center of anatomical research • Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses • Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors) Modern Anatomy • CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI Anatomy definition • A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms. • Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another. • This is generally divided into: – Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye) – Histology (miscroscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells) – Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus) Gross Anatomy • Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system • Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Organ systems - 1 • • • • Integument (skin) Skeleton Muscles Nervous system – Central (brain and spinal cord) – Peripheral (the peripheral nerves) • Endocrine (glands) Organ systems - 2 • • • • • • Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins) Lymphatic (lymph vessels and nodes) Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive (male/female) Anatomical terminology • This generally relates to: – Names of the organ systems or regions – Names of body organs or their parts – Anatomical planes – Anatomical locations Anatomical planes Anatomical Planes • Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts • Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Anatomical planes - 1 • Median or midsaggital plane • Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline. Anatomical planes - 2 • Saggital: Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts Saggital plane Anatomical planes - 3 • Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Coronal Plane Anatomical planes - 4 • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts Horizontal Plane Body Planes 1 2 3 Anatomical positions - 1 • • • • • • • • 1. Cranial toward the head 2. Caudal - toward the feet 3. Medial - toward the middle 4. Lateral - toward/from the side 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes 7. Superior - above 8. Inferior - below Anatomical positions - 2 Anatomical movements - 1 • • • • • • • • 1. External rotation 2. Internal rotation 3. Supination 4. Pronation 5. Eversion 6. Inversion 7. Adduction 8. Abduction Anatomical movements - 2 Flexion/Extension Other anatomical terms • • • • Volar(relating to the palm of hand) Plantar (the sole of the foot) Superficial (towards the surface) Deep (towards the centre) Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones Hyperextension • Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position. Movements Movements Adduction • Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction • Moving a body part away from the midline of the body Movements Prone • Lying face down Pronation Supine • Lying face up Supination Movements Retraction • Moving a part backward Protraction • Moving a part forward Movements Rotation • Turning on a single axis Circumduction • Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Movements Lateral Flexion • Side-bending left or right Visualising Anatoomy • • • • • Cadaver Atlas Models Plastination 3D Model Visualising the living subject • There are a number of ways of visualising the anatomy of a living subject: – – – – Surface anatomy Medical imaging Using scopes Surgery Radiological terminology -1 • Imaging techniques: – X-ray – computed axial tomography (CAT) CT scan – Ultrasound scans (Sonography) – Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Radiological terminology - 2 • X-rays depend on the difference in absorption of xrays by various tissues. – Radiopaque means a lot of x-ray energy is absorbed (causing the fils to be WHITE) Like: bone, teeth, metal implants – Radiolucent means little energy is absorbed (causing the film to be BLACK) Like: air, fat Radiological terminology - 3 • Plain film – X-ray without the use of artificial contrast. • Contrast film – X-ray where radiopaque contrast has been introduced into a cavity, space or vessel. • Examples: – – – – Angiogram (x-ray of arteries, e.g. of the heart) Venogram (x-ray of veins, e.g. of the legs) Barium meal (x-ray of the upper digestive tract) Myelogram (x-ray of the spinal cord and spinal nerves) Range of Motion 1. 2. 3. Hip _Abduction_________________ __________________________ Hip _Adduction_________________ __________________________ Hip _Flexion___________________ __________________________ Knee _Extension________________ ________________________ Ankle ________________________ 4. Wrist _Extension________________ _________________________ (a) _Hyperextension_____________ __________________________ (b) _Flexion____________________ __________________________ 5. Hip _Flexion___________________ __________________________ Knee _Flexion__________________ ________________________ Ankle ______________ ________________________ 6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________ ___________________ Forearm (b) _Pronation__________ ___________________ 7. Shoulder _Circumduction_________ ______________________ 8. Shoulder _Elevation_____________ ______________________ 9. Jaw _Protraction________________ __________________________ 10. Shoulder _Rotation______________ ______________________ End