Transcript Problems Related to Biomechanics

Motion Description Concepts and
Terminology – pp 28-40
• Objectives:
– Define and provide examples of linear, angular,
& general forms of motion
– Identify & describe reference positions, planes,
and axes associated with the human body
– Define & appropriately use directional terms &
joint movement terminology
Forms of motion (p 28-30)
– Linear - moves from one place to another, or translates
• Rectilinear (path isstraight-line) - ex. path of a dropped ball
• Curvilinear (path is curved) - ex.: path of thrown ball
– Rotary, or angular - movement is around a restricted point,
or axis, within the system. Ex: all body segmental
movements, rotation of thrown ball.
– General, or combination - movement is both linear and
rotary. Ex: movement of baseball bat during the swing.
Overview of Movement Description
• Movement of a system within a frame of
reference
• Before determining the nature of a
movement, the mechanical system of interest
must be defined.
• System may be a part of the body, the entire
body, or the body plus an implement, etc.
Standard Reference Terminology
Directional Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
•
•
•
•
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Joint Movement Terminology
• In anatomical position, all body segments
are considered to be positioned at zero
degrees.
– Sagittal Plane Movements
– Frontal Plane Movements
– Transverse Plane Movements
• Other Movements
Movement Planes and Axes
• Planes
(See Figure 2.3, p 33)
– Transverse (across), frontal (front and back sections),
and sagital (left and right sections)
• Axes
– mediolateral (side to side), anterio-posterior (front to
back), longitudinal, and diagonal (or oblique)
• Movements
– Flexion-extension (mediolateral axis, sagital plane)
» example: nee and hip while doing squats
– Abduction-adduction (anterio-post axis, frontal plane)
» example: raising arm to side of shoulder
– Rotation (longitudinal axis, transverse plane)
» example: turning head to side
Movements in Sagital
Plane
Movements
In Frontal
Plane
Movements in
Transverse plane
Flexion-extension –
All occur in sagital
plane
AbductionAdduction – all
Occur in frontal
plane
Rotation:
All occur in
Transverse
plane
Standard Reference Terminology
Anatomical Reference Position
• Erect standing position
– all body parts, including the palms of the
hands, facing forward; considered the
starting position for body segment
movements
Spatial Reference Systems
• Used to standardize the measurements taken
Cartesian Coordinate system
• Movements primarily in a single direction,
or planar, can be analyzed using a twodimensional Cartesian
– X (horizontal) direction
– Y (vertical) direction
• 3-dimensional by adding a z-axis