Transcript Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter 01
*Lecture Outline
*See separate Image PowerPoint slides for
all figures and tables pre-inserted into
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Melanie Waite-Altringer
Biology Faculty Member of
Anoka-Ramsey Community College
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
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Introduction:
A.
B.
C.
The early students of anatomy and physiology were
most likely concerned with treating illnesses and
injuries.
Early healers relied on superstitions and magic. Later,
herbs were used to treat certain ailments.
Eventually, after much controversy the study of
medicine with standardized terms in Greek and Latin
began.
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Anatomy and Physiology
A.
B.
C.
Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology)
of the body and its parts; in other words,
what are things called?
Physiology studies the functions of these
parts or asks the question, “how do they
work?”
The two disciplines are closely interrelated
because the functional role of a part depends
on how it is constructed.
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D.
E.
Anatomists rely on observation and dissection,
while physiologists employ experimentation.
It is more common to discover new
information about physiology but anatomical
discoveries are being made as well.
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Fig01.03
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Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
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Levels of Organization:
A.
The human body is the sum of its parts and these
parts can be studied at a variety of levels of
organization.
1.
Atoms are the simplest level.
2.
Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.
3.
Macromolecules are large, biologically
important molecules inside cells.
4.
Organelles are aggregates of
macromolecules used to carry out a specific
function in the cell.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cells are the basic living unit.
Tissues are groups of cells functioning
together.
Groups of tissues form organs.
Groups of organs function together as organ
systems.
Organ systems functioning together make
up an organism.
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Characteristics of Life
A.
Fundamental characteristics of life are traits
shared by all organisms.
1.
Movement (internal or gross)
2.
Responsiveness (reaction to internal or
external change)
3.
Growth (increase in size without change in
shape)
4.
Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)
5.
Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler
forms)
Absorption (movement of substances
through membranes and into fluids)
Circulation (movement within body fluids)
Assimilation (changing nutrients into
chemically different forms)
Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
Taken together, these 10 characteristics constitute
metabolism.
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Table01.01
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Maintenance of Life
A.
Requirements of Organisms:
1.
Life depends on the availability of the following:
a.
Water
b.
Food
c.
Oxygen
d.
Heat (temperature: measure of the
degree of heat)
e.
Pressure (both atmospheric &
hydrostatic)
2.
Both the quality and quantity of these
factors are important.
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B.
Homeostasis
1.
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is
called homeostasis.
2.
Homeostasis is regulated through control
systems which have receptors, a set point and
effectors in common.
Examples include:
a.
b.
Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body
temperature in a manner similar to the
functioning of a home heating
thermostat.
Another homeostatic mechanism
employs pressure-sensitive receptors to
regulate blood pressure.
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3.
Many of the body's homeostatic
controls are negative feedback
mechanisms.
a.
Each individual uses
homeostatic mechanisms to
keep body levels within a
normal range; normal ranges
can vary from one individual to
the next.
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Organization of the Human Body
A.
B.
Major features of the human body include its
cavities, membranes, and organ systems.
Body Cavities:
1.
The body can be divided into an axial
portion (head, neck, and trunk) and an
appendicular portion (upper and lower
limbs).
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Fig01.08
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdoaminal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a)
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Left pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
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a.
b.
c.
The axial portion contains the
cranial cavity and the vertebral
canal.
The appendicular portion contains
the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal
and pelvic cavities combined).
The mediastinum within the
thoracic cavity divides the thorax
into right and left sides. Organs within
the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities are called viscera.
A broad, thin muscle called the
diaphragm separates the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.
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Fig01.09
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d.
Smaller cavities within the head
include the oral cavity, nasal cavity,
orbital cavities, and middle ear
cavities.
Cranial cavity
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Middle ear cavity
Oral cavity
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C.
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes:
Parietal attaches to wall cavity and Visceral covers
the internal organ.
1.
2.
3.
The thoracic cavity is lined with pleural
membranes; the parietal pleura lines the
cavities while the visceral pleura covers the
lungs. A thin layer of serous fluid separates
the two layers.
The heart is surrounded by pericardial
membranes. The parietal pericardium makes
up an outer sac and the visceral pericardium
covers the heart. Serous fluid separates the
two layers.
Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic
cavity; a parietal peritoneum lines the wall
whilevisceral peritoneum covers the organs.
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D.
Organ Systems
1.
Body Covering
a.
The integumentary system, including
skin, hair, nails, and various glands,
covers the body. It protects
underlying tissues, helps
regulate body temperature, senses
changes, and synthesizes certain
products.
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2.
Support and Movement
a.
The skeletal system is made up of
bones and ligaments. It supports,
protects, provides frameworks, stores
inorganic salts, and houses bloodforming tissues.
b.
The muscular system consists of the
muscles that provide body
movement, posture, and body heat.
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3.
Integration and Coordination
a.
The nervous system consists of the
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense
organs. It integrates incoming
information from receptors and sends
impulses to muscles and glands.
b.
The endocrine system, including all
of the glands that secrete hormones,
helps to integrate metabolic
functions.
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4.
Transport
a.
The cardiovascular system, made up
of the heart and blood vessels,
distributes oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body while removing
wastes from the cells.
b.
The lymphatic system, consisting of
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
thymus, and spleen, drains excess
tissue fluid and includes cells of
immunity.
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5.
Absorption and Excretion
a.
The digestive system is made up of
the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs.
It receives, breaks down, and
absorbs nutrients.
b.
The respiratory system exchanges
gases between the blood and air
and is made up of the lungs and
passageways.
c.
The urinary system, consisting of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra, removes wastes from the
blood and helps to maintain water
and electrolyte balance.
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6.
Reproduction
a.
The reproductive system produces new
organisms.
i.
The male reproductive system
consists of the testes, accessory
organs, and vessels that conduct
sperm to the penis.
ii.
The female reproductive system
consists of ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, and external
genitalia. The female reproductive
system also houses the developing
offspring.
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Anatomical Terminology
A.
B.
Anatomical position : body erect, face forward,
upper limbs at sides with palm forward.
Relative Positions:
1.
Terms of relative position describe the
location of one body part with respect to
another.
2.
Terms of relative position include:
superior, inferior, anterior, posterior,
medial, lateral, bilateral, ipsilateral,
contralateral, proximal, distal, superficial
(peripheral), and deep.
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C.
Body Sections:
1.
A sagittal section divides the body into
right and left portions. If it passes along
the midline and divides the body into
equal parts it is a median. A section
lateral to the midline is parasagittal.
2.
A transverse (horizontal) section divides
the body into superior and inferior
portions.
3.
A frontal (coronal) section divides the
body into anterior and posterior sections.
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Fig01.16
D.
Body Regions
1.
The abdominal area can be divided into
nine regions (epigastric, left and right
hypochondriac, umbilical, left and right
lumbar, hypogastric, and left and right
iliac)
Right
hypochondriac
region
(a)
Epigastric
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
Left
iliac
region
(b)
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