Transcript The Human Body in Health and Illness

Chapter 1:
Introduction to the
Human Body
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Grave Robber
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The Grave Escape
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Lesson 1-1 Objectives
• Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
• List the levels of organization of the
human body.
• Describe the 12 major organ systems.
• Define homeostasis.
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: The branch of
science that studies the
structure of the body
• Physiology: The branch of
science that describes how
the body functions
• Structure and function are
closely related.
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Russian Nesting Dolls
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The Body’s Levels of Organization
Organization from simple
to complex
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Human organism
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Major Organ Systems
1.) Integumentary
2.) Skeletal
3.) Muscular
4.) Nervous
5.) Endocrine
6.) Circulatory
7.) Lymphatic
7a.)Immune
– (sometimes skipped)
8.) Respiratory
9.) Digestive
10.) Urinary
11.) Reproductive
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
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Maintaining Balance
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Homeostasis: Staying the Same
• Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a
stable internal environment in response to a
changing environment
• Homeostatic mechanisms help maintain
homeostasis.
• Homeostatic imbalance is associated with
various disorders.
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Homeostasis
Examples of homeostasis
--Temperature regulation
--Regulation of blood CO2 level
--Regulation of blood glucose
level
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Feedback Loop
Self-regulatory (autonomic/automatic)
Basic pathway
Sensory  Integration
 Effector
(Control Center)
Mechanism
(takes effect)

Feedback
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Negative vs. Positive Feedback
Negative feedback
• Inhibitory
– (they oppose the
change)
• Stabilize the change
• Most common form
Examples:
– Sweating
– Heart rate
Positive Feedback
• Stimulatory
– (they increase the
change)
• Often harmful
• Necessary evil
– Sneeze
– Child birth
– Immune response
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Lesson 1-2 Objectives
• Describe the anatomical position.
• List common terms used for relative positions
of the body.
• Describe the three major planes of the body.
• List anatomical terms for regions of the body.
• Describe the major cavities of the body.
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Anatomy?
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Anatomy?
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Anatomical Position
•
•
•
•
Standing erect
Face forward
Arms at sides
Toes and palms directed
forward
• Bilateral symmetry
– Right and Left are mirror
images
Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral
Planes
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Planes and Sections of the Body
• Sagittal plane: divides the
body lengthwise into right
and left portions.
• Frontal/Coronal plane:
divides the body into front
and back portions.
• Transverse plane: divides
the body horizontally into
upper and lower portions.
What type of plane?
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Body Directions
• Anterior vs. Posterior
-Anterior: front (in front of)
-Posterior: back (in back of)
• Superior vs. Inferior
-Superior: towards the head (above)
-Inferior: towards the feet (below)
• Superficial vs. Deep:
-Superficial: nearer the surface
-Deep: farther from the surface
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Direction Terms Continued
• Proximal vs. Distal:
-Proximal: nearest to the trunk
-Distal: farthest from the trunk
• Medial vs. Lateral
-Medial: towards midline
-Lateral: towards the side of body
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Cavities of the Body
• Dorsal cavity
-Cranial cavity
-Spinal (vertebral) cavity
• Ventral cavity
-Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavities
• Mediastinum
-Abdomino-pelvic cavity
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Cavities of the Body (cont’d.)
• Divisions of the
abdominopelvic
cavity
– Four quadrants
RUQ, LUQ
RLQ, LUQ
– Nine regions
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Nine Regions
Abdominopelvic regions:
--Rt & Lft hypochondriac
--Epigastric region
--Rt & Lft lumbar region
--Umbilical region
--Rt & Lft iliac (inguinal)
region
--Hypogastric region
Regional Terms
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Bell Work 9/2
What plane is each section taken from?
Questions 1-6.
1
3
2
4
6
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Liver
Colon
Liver
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
spleen
Liver
Stomach
Colon
pancreas
spleen
Colon
S. Intestines
Gall bladder
S. Intestines
pancreas
Colon
S. Intestines
Colon
S. Intestines
Appendix
S. Intestines
Bladder
Colon
S. Intestines
Liver
Colon
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Liver
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
Spleen
Colon
S. Intestine
Appendix
bladder
Colon
S. Intestine
bladder
Major Body
Regions II Find these
places on yourself, your partner and
on Clay
1. Frontal,
2. midsaggital,
3. Cervical
4. Axillary
5. deltoid
6. cephalic,
7. Caudal
8. pedal
9. Scapular
10. femoral,
11. Digital
12. Occipital
13. vertebral,
14. acromial,
15. Flank
16. popliteal
17. Paraspinal