Transcript Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology!

Unit 1: Body Organization and
Homeostasis
Tamalpais High School
Honors Physiology
Hippocrates
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Greek physician born in 460 BC
“Hippocratic Oath”
Today Hippocrates is known as the "Father
of Medicine"
What exactly will we study in
physiology?
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Anatomy vs.
Physiology
STRUCTURE vs.
FUNCTION
Human Body Orientation
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Body directional planes
Body cavities
Body regions
Why?
Body Directional Planes
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Sagittal
Midsagittal
Frontal (aka Coronal)
Transverse
Fig 1.21
Body Cavities
Fig. 1.9
Body Regions
Fig. 1.24
Human Body Orientation
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Anatomical position
Superior vs. Inferior
Medial vs. Lateral
Distal vs. Proximal
Deep vs. Superficial
Ipsilateral vs.
Contralateral
Fig. 1.20
Human Body Orientation
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Anterior vs. Posterior
Ventral vs. Dorsal
Fig 1.7
Homeostasis
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The body’s ability to
maintain a stable
internal environment
– examples: human
body temperature,
water balance,
salt/ion balance,
oxygen/CO2
balance, blood pH,
etc
A Homeostatic Mechanism
Fig 1.6
Example
mechanism
Gross vs. Fine Anatomy
 Gross
anatomy
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Fine anatomy
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involves cells and
tissues
Histology = study of
tissues
Levels of Organization
Fig. 1.3
Histology & Pathology
Histology:
 The study of tissues
that compose the body
Pathology:
 the study of disease
Tissues
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Cells organize into tissues
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Tissue = Cells + extracellular matrix (EM)
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Nonliving
Made by the cells
Fig. 5.24
4 Main Tissue Types
1. Epithelial tissue
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Protective covering
Fig.
One “free” side
Other side: basement membrane
Tightly packed, little EM
Classified according to shape and # of layer of cells
5.6
4 Main Tissue Types
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Epithelial cell # of layers:
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Fig. 5.4
Simple – one layer
Stratified – two or more layers
Epithelial cell shape:
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Squamous - flat
Cuboidal – cube
Columnar – tall, elongated
 What
would simple cuboidal epithelial
tissue look like?
4 Main Tissue Types
2. Connective Tissue
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Lots of EM
Binds structures, provides support and protection,
fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, and
protects against infections
Figs 5.21 & 5.24
4 Main Tissue Types
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Types of Connective Tissue:
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Loose CT– under most layers of epithelium
Adipose – stores fat
Dense CT – very strong but stretchy; tendons &
ligaments
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
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Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Figs 5.26 & 5.27
4 Main Tissue Types
3. Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal muscle
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Cardiac muscle
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Smooth muscle
Figs 5.28, 29, and 30
4 Main Tissue Types
4. Nervous tissue
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Communication
Example cells include neurons (nerve cells)
Fig. 5.31
Major Chemical Elements in the
Body
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65% Oxygen (O2)
18.5% Carbon (C )
9.5% Hydrogen (H)
3.2% Nitrogen (N)
Total O,C,H, & N =
approx 96% of the body
by weight
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Organic substances
contain both C & H
The rest are inorganic
substances
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electrolytes = inorganic
substances that dissolve
in water
Electrolytes
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Electrolyte: any substance containing free ions that
make the substance electrically conductive
Examples: Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, K+,
Why are they important?
Trace Elements
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A trace element
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needed in very small ( i.e. “trace”…) amounts
crucial to human survival
Examples
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iron (Fe) - part of hemoglobin molecule
zinc (Zn) – in several enzymes
copper (Cu) – bone and melanin development
iodine (I ) – synthesis of thyroid hormones
Iodized salt!
Human Body Systems
1. Circulatory (cardiovascular)
2. Immune
3. Nervous & Senses
4. Digestive
5. Muscular
6. Skeletal
7. Integumentary
8. Endocrine
9. Respiratory
10. Excretory
11. Reproductive