Injuries to the Foot, Ankle and Lower Leg
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Transcript Injuries to the Foot, Ankle and Lower Leg
Injuries to the Foot, Ankle
and Lower Leg
SPHS Sports Medicine
John Hardin, Instructor
Bony Anatomy
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Sesamoid Bones
Tibia
Weight bearing bone
Articulates with fibula both inferiorly and
superiorly
Landmarks
Tibial
tuberosity (proximal)
Tibial Plateau
Medial Malleolus
Shaft
Fibula
Non-weight bearing bone
Extends down past calcaneus providing
bony support to prevent eversion
Serves as site for muscle attachments
Landmarks
Head
of fibula (proximal)
Lateral malleolus
Tarsals
Talus—articulates with the tibia/fibula
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial, intermediate and lateral
cuneiforms
Joints
Tibiofibular joint--syndesmosis
Ankle joint (talocrural) Ankle mortise
Subtalar joint
Metatarsalphalangeal joints (MP)
Interphalangeal joints
PIP
DIP
Arches
Transverse: proximal across tarsals
Medial longitudinal arch: from calcaneus
to 1st metatarsal
Strengthened
by spring ligament
(plantar
calcaneonavicular ligament)
Lateral longitudinal arch: from calcaneus
to 5th metatarsal
Metatarsal arch: shaped by distal heads of
metatarsals
Muscles of lateral compartment
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Both
do eversion
Muscles of the anterior
compartment
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallicus Longus
All
do dorsiflexion and some inversion
EDL—extension of toes 2-5
EHL—extension of great toe
**EDB—extends toes 2-4 (dorsum of foot)
Muscles of Superficial Posterior
compartment
Tibialis Posterior (Tom)
Flexor Digitorum Longus (Dick)
Flexor Hallicus Longus (Harry)
All
do Plantar Flexion and Inversion
FDL– flexion of toes 2-5
FHL—flexion of great toe
Muscles of Deep Posterior
Compartment
Gastrocnemius—crosses knee and ankle
joint. Knee flexion/plantar flexion
Soleus---crosses ankle joint.
Plantarflexion
Join
together at the Achilles tendon
Plantaris—cross ankle and knee joints.
Knee flexion/plantar flexion
Tendon
medially
run parallel to the Achilles tendon
Miscellaneous
Plantar Fascia
From
calcaneus to heads of metatarsals.
Maintain stability of foot and supports medial
longitudinal arch
Interosseus Membrane
Thick
connective tissue runs length of tib/fib
and holds them together
Plantar fasica
Medial Ligaments
Deltoid ligament
4 parts
Very strong
Not injured as often
Lateral ligaments
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular
Other ligaments
Anterior inferior
tibiofibular ligament
Posterior inferior
tibiofibular ligament
Prevention of Injuries
Wear properly fitting shoes
Ankle support
Protective equipment
Maintain adequate strength and flexibility
Heel
cord stretching
Strengthening in inversion, eversion, plantar
and dorsiflexion
Proprioception (balance training)
Heel Bruise
(Stone Bruise)
Mxn: Landing on heels, hitting heel on
something hard—causing a contusion to
the bottom of calcaneus
S/S: Severe pain in heel, difficulty weight
bearing, POT
TX: ice, rest/non weight bearing til pain
subsides, heel cup or doughnut when
returning
Complication: inflammation of periosteum
Plantar Fasciitis
Mxn: tight heel cord, inflexibility of
longitudinal arch, improper footwear, leg
length discrepancy, rapid increase/change
in training
S/S: POT over the anteriomedial
calcaneus and plantar fascia, stiffness and
pain in AM or after prolonged sitting, pain
with passive extension of toes combined
with dorsiflexion
TX: long term—8-12 weeks
vigorous heel cord stretching, ice
massage, heel cup, taping, ultrasound,
NSAIDS,
Last resort: surgery to cut the fascia
Complications: can develop a bone spur if
not cared for—surgery to remove it
Metatarsal Fracture
Mxn: direct force or twisting/torsion force
or overuse
Most common is the Jone’s fracture—near
base of 5th, avulsion (at the base),
midshaft
S/S: POT over metatarsal, swelling, pain,
“pop” or “crack”, possible deformity
Tx: Ice, Compression wrap, crutches, send
to Dr. for x-ray.
Possibly on crutches for 6-8 weeks, nonweight bearing to allow for healing
Complication: Non union fracture. May
require surgery to fix
Longitudinal Arch Strain
Mxn: Unaccustomed stresses/forces
placed on foot when in contact with a
hard playing surface.
Flattening
of the foot (arch) when in
midsupport phase
May occur suddenly or over a longer period of
time
S/S: Pain felt just distal to the medial
malleolus when running
Swelling
and POT along the calcaneonavicular
ligament (spring ligament) and the first
cuneiform
POT over the FHL tendon as a result of
compensation for stress on ligament
TX: Rest, ice, reduction of weight bearing
until relatively pain free
Ultrasound
Arch
taping
Turf Toe
Sprain of the MP joint of the great to
Mxn: Hyperextension of great toe—
trauma or overuse
Usually
occurs on an unyielding surface such
as turf
Kicking an unyielding object
S/S: POT over MP joint of great toe
Swelling
Discoloration
Pain
with movement especially pushing off big
toe when taking a step
TX: Rest, ice, compression
Insert
a hard insole into shoe to prevent
hyperextension of MP joint
Tape for hyperextension
Subungual Hematoma
Mxn: being stepped on or something
being dropped onto the toe
Toes
being jammed into the end of the shoe
while running
S/S: Bleeding into the nail bed (under
nail)
Throbbing
pain
Pressure against nail exacerbates the problem
TX: drain the blood from the nail
Use
a drill bit
Heat a paperclip and burn through nail
Use a scalpel to make hole in nail
Blisters
Mxn: shearing force on the skin that
causes fluid to accumulate below top layer
of skin
May
be clear, bloody or become infected
S/S: area of fluid under skin
Can
be painful
May break open
May become infected—redness, heat, pus
TX: cover with skin lube, bandage, foam
or felt doughnut around it.
If
large, then drain, but clean it and treat as
open wound
Cover prior to practices/competitions
Ankle Sprains
Inversion
Eversion
High Ankle Sprain
Inversion Ankle Sprain
Most common, resulting in injury to the
lateral ligaments
ATF ligament is the weakest of the 3
Mxn: “rolling” the ankle, landing on
another athlete’s foot, stepping in a hole,
etc.
Inversion/plantar
flexion
The inversion mxn
Structures injured
ATF lig. injured with the plantar
flexion/inversion mxn
Calcaneofibular lig. and posterior
talofibular lig. injured when then inversion
force is increased
3rd degree Lateral Ankle
sprain
S/S: Pain, Swelling, discoloration, POT
over the sinus tarsi, the distal end of the
lateral malleolus and posterior of the
lateral malleolus, joint instability, joint
stiffness, decreased ROM, “+” anterior
drawer test
Will vary with the degree of the injury
Tx: RICE, “horseshoe” shaped felt/foam
pad fit around the lateral malleolus
Treat
for shock
crutches if necessary
Medical attention if severe or possibility of
fracture
Complications
Avulsion fracture of lateral malleolus
Avulsion fracture of base of 5th metatarsal
Push-off fracture of medial malleolus
Eversion Ankle Sprain
Less common due to bony structure of
ankle
Deltoid ligament damage (any or all 4
portions
Mxn: ankle everts due to---someone/something landing on the lateral
aspect of leg during weight bearing or---
S/S: Pain, swelling, discoloration, joint
instability, joint stiffness, decreased ROM,
POT over medial malleolus and deltoid
ligament
Will vary depending on severity
Tx: RICE, “horseshoe” shaped felt/foam
pad,
crutches
if necessary
Treat for shock
Medical attention with severe sprain of if
fracture is suspected
Complications
Avulsion fracture of medial malleolus
Contused deltoid ligament due to
impingement between medial malleolus
and calcaneus
Fracture of lateral malleolus
“High” Ankle Sprain
Also called syndesmotic
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular
ligaments damage
Mxn: forced dorsiflexion or extreme
plantar flexion/inversion
Someone landing on the back of the leg
with the foot in contact with the ground
(dorsiflexion)
S/S: may be swelling or not, may have
discoloration or not
pain
POT over ATF and proximal to that at the
junction of the tibia and fibula
painful to bear weight, unable to go up on
toes
Tx: RICE, Crutches, medical attention if
unable to bear weight or if significant
swelling occurs
Treat for shock
Hard to treat and can take weeks to heal
Complications
Fracture to the dome of the talus
Tear of the interosseus membrane
Ankle Fractures and Dislocations
Mxn: similar to those of the ankle sprains
but generally more force is applied
Can be open or closed
What do these injuries look like?
After the mxn
See the placement of the
foot?
Sliding into base
He’s there!
Getting help
And the open ones?
Open Fx/dislocation
Open fracture
And some x-rays
S/S: Immediate swelling
immense pain
possible deformity and/or open wound
POT over the bone
+ compression and percussion tests
Tx: Splint in the position you find it
Care for open wound if necessary
Treat for shock
Call 911 if the injury is severe/open
ER visit
Tendonitis
Tendons most often affected
Tibialis
posterior
Tibialis anterior
Peroneals
Achilles
Mxn: faulty foot biomechanics
Inappropriate
or poor/worn footwear
Acute trauma to tendon
Tightness of heel cord
Training errors
Excessive running, jumping, hills
S/S: pain with active movements and
passive stretching
POT
over insertion of tendon
warmth
Crepitus
Thickening of tendon (achilles)
Stiffnes and pain following periods of
inactivity
Tx: Rest
Modalities:
ice, heat, ultrasound
NSAIDS
Exercise
to strengthen muscle(s) involved
Stretching
Orthotics or taping to relieve stress on tendon
Tib/Fib fracture
Tibia is most commonly fractured long
bone in the body
Mxn: direct trauma to the tibia/fibula or
both
Indirect trauma such as combination
rotation/compressive force
S/S: Immediate pain
Swelling
Possible
deformity
May be open or closed
Tx: Splint in the position you find it
Treat
for shock
Call 911 if necessary
ER visit
Stress Fractures
Tibial (mid shaft)
Fibular (distal third)
Metatarsal (2nd is most common)
Mxn: repetitive loading during training
and conditioning and jumping
Faulty
biomechanics combined with
excessive/change in training
S/S: pain with activity
Increase
in pain when activity is finished
Gradually gets worse
POT on one specific point on the bone
Can limit ability to participate
Tx: stop activity (2-4 weeks)
Alternate
conditioning—non weight bearing
Ice
Crutches/protective
Medical
referral
Xrays
Bone
scan
footwear
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
Shin splints
Mxn: strain of tibialis posterior tendon
and its fascial sheath at attachment to
periosteum of distal tibia due to
running/etc.
Faulty biomechanics
Improper footwear
Tight heel cord/achilles tendon
Training errors
S/S: diffuse pain along the distal tibia
(2/3) medially
POT in the same area
Pain after activity—then before/after—
then all the time
Tx: Modify activity
Correct foot biomechanics (orthotics)
Heel cord stretching
Strengthening of muscles in Posterior
compartment
Ice massage
Friction massage
Taping—arch support/ankle
Compartment Syndromes
Increased pressure in the compartment(s)
of the leg
Causes compression of the muscles &
neurovascular structures
Anterior, lateral, deep posterior common
3 types
Acute
Acute
exertional
Chronic
Anterior compartment syndrome
Mxn: direct blow to the anterior
compartment
S/S: deep aching pain
Tightness
& swelling
Pain with passive stretching
Reduced circulation/sensory changes in foot
May have LOM
Tx: initially ice to reduce swelling
If
circulation/sensory changes occur—
emergency room visit
Fasciotomy
Return to activity 2-4 months post surgery
Achille Tendon Rupture
Largest tendon in body
Most common in athletes over 30 yrs
Seen in sports with ballistic movements—
tennis, raquetball, basketball, etc.
Mxn: sudden forceful plantar flexion of
ankle
S/S: felt/heard a “pop” at back of leg
Felt
as is someone hit them with a rock
Pain with plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
Inability to plantar flex
Palpable/visible defect at the achilles tendon
+ Thompson test
Achilles tendon defect
Thompson Test
Tx: immobilize
ice
Send
to ER
Requires surgery w/ 6-8 weeks immobilization
Rehab to regain full ROM/Strength
Open achilles tendon rupture
Contusions
Mxn: direct trauma to area
S/S: pain, swelling, increased warmth,
hematoma
Tx: RICE, protective padding, modify
activity if necessary
And other weird things
Another view
Treatment for this?
Immoblize object
Cut object at each end to allow for
transport
Treat for shock
Surgery to remove impaled object