Transcript Slide 1

Eradicating Hunger and Poverty:
Supporting communities for rural development, food
security and land reform
Presentation by Dr Lindiwe M. Sibanda, FANRPAN CEO
The 2011 Consultative Seminar of the South African Legislatures
16 March 2011, Cape Town
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Levers-for Achieving MDG1
1. From Hunger to Food and Nutrition Security
2. From Poverty to Viable Livelihoods
3. Local livelihood assets databases
4. Evidence based development targets
5. People-led, verifiable development initiatives: from
Local to the Regional & Global Policy Agenda
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From Hunger to food security?
• The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security
as existing “when all people at all times have access
to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life”
• Food security is built on three pillars:
– Food availability: sufficient quantities of food available on
a consistent basis.
– Food access: having sufficient resources to obtain
appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.
– Food use: appropriate use based on knowledge of basic
nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and
sanitation.
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Food security and Poverty- South Africa
• Some 40-50% of South Africans are living in poverty
– 18 million out of 45 million people remain vulnerable and food
insecure
• Poverty more pervasive in rural areas, particularly in the former
homelands.
– 65 percent of the poor are found in rural areas
– 78 percent of those likely to be chronically poor are also in rural areas
How can agriculture’s role in poverty alleviation be
enhanced?
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Global Challenge
• Challenge of feeding extra mouths because of:
– Growing population
– High food prices
– High unemployment rate @ rural areas where majority are
living (70%)
– diminishing yields due to
– Market failure
In rural development literature:
• Agriculture is considered as the best vehicle to reduce rural poverty
•Agriculture and agriculture-related activities provide (and have potential to provide)
most of the employment in rural areas.
The threat of climate
health, etc
change and its impact on
agriculture; water; energy;
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What Needs To Be Done Now
• Investing in People
– Support actions in the area of human and social development
• specifically via training and education
• Knowledge sharing platforms
• Infrastructure
– Improving access to basic infrastructure essential for economic growth and
development
• Basic Infrastructure such as housing, roads, electrical reticulation and communications,
essential pillars for economic growth.
• Services
– Enhancing agricultural productivity, competitiveness, and rural growth
– Improving access to assets and sustainable natural resource use
– Strengthening institutions for the poor and promoting diversified rural
livelihood
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From Local to Global
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From Local to Global
COMMON VISION - Sustainable Development for
a World free of Hunger and Poverty
1.Facilitating linkages and partnerships between state and
non state actors at all levels
2.Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy
dialogue in Africa
3.Advocating for evidence based policies
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What Needs To Be Done?
Common Vision
A food secure Africa free from hunger and poverty
Purpose: Promote appropriate
policies in order to reduce poverty, increase food
security and enhance sustainable agricultural and natural resources development in
Africa
WHAT
– Facilitate linkages and partnerships between government and civil society
– Build the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue
– Create capacity to demand evidence for policy development
– Promote evidence based policy development in the Food
Natural Resources sector
Agriculture and
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From Local to Global
Global Policy Making and Investment Options
Continental Policy Frameworks
National/Countries Policy Frameworks
Empirical
Learning
Anecdotal
Findings
Feedback
(Local and Indigenous Knowledge)
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Linking Local to Global Model
Global Knowledge
National &
Regional Policy
Frameworks
Trans-Disciplinary
Research
Policy Development
Agri.
Production
Databases
Climate
Data
GIS
Mapping
Policy Dialogue
Scaling Up
Scaling Down
Global Level Policy
Frameworks
OF assets
Community
Livelihood Databases
1.Human, 2.Social,3. Natural, 4.Financial, 5.Physical,
HOUSEHOLD Livelihood Assets
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Responses: Mobilising all Institutions to Fight Poverty
Local-household
•Meso level- Ward and Municipality
•National-Legislative Sector
•Regional – SADC, AU- NEPAD
•Global – G20, BRIC-SA, World Economic Forum, UNFCCC / FAO / UN
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Understanding the Local Context
YOU CAN’T IMPROVE WHAT YOU DON’T
MEASURE!
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Which Communities?
• Over 75% of the African population lives in RURAL
areas
• 80 % of farmers in Africa are smallholder farmers
– rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods
– Women constitute 70% of the labour force
• Spend up to 80 % of income on food
• Land is a constraint 80% depend on farms that are less
than 2 hectares
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Face of Rural Poverty In Africa
• A quarter of the world’s
chronically poor population
is in Sub-Saharan Africa,
• One in 6 – 7 people are
chronically poor.
• Two-thirds of this
population lives in rural
areas, and rely on rain-fed
subsistence agriculture for
their livelihood
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FACE of an African Small-scale Farmer
● Land Owned - 1 ha
● Main Crops - Staples
● Yields - Maize 100kg/ha
● Fertilizer used - 20% of
recommended
● Agricultural implements
owned - hand hoe
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Measuring Household Vulnerability
Measure the vulnerability of households and communities to the
impact of shocks:
– Natural assets such as land, soil and water;
– Physical assets such as livestock and equipment;
– Financial assets such as savings, salaries, remittances or pensions;
– Human capital assets such as productive labour, education, gender
composition and dependents; and
– Social assets such as information, community support, extended families and
formal or informal social welfare support
http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00217/
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Building the Livelihood Databases
Who
Level
Role
Household
Local
•
•
Local youths/community workers Interview hh Document Livelihood
strategies
Map livelihood assets
Community
Local Schools
•
•
•
•
inform research and development agenda Planning for development,
Governance and administration,
Regulation,
Monitor Service delivery Identify Development beneficiaries
Ward/Municipality
Provincial
•
Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS)
• overall framework and plan for developing the economy and
improving services.
Provincial
Universities
Legislature
•
•
Prepares a budget for its work
Implement the laws and policies decided on by Parliament or the
Cabinet
Parliament
National
•
•
•
Policy making,
Legislation and the regulation
Allocation of resources
SADC and NEPAD
Regional
G8 / G20/Bric-SA WEF /
UNFCCC / FAO / UN
Global
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Who Should Do What, Where?
From Local to Global
Who
Level
Role
Household/ Community
Local
• Document Livelihood strategies different assets;
must inform research and development agenda
• Development beneficiaries
Municipality
Local
•
•
•
•
Legislature
Provincial
• Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS)
• overall framework and plan for developing the
economy and improving services.
Ministries/
Department
National
• Prepares a budget for its work
• Implement the laws and policies decided on by
Parliament or the Cabinet
Planning for development,
Governance and administration,
Regulation,
Service delivery
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Results from HVI Assessments in Pilot Countries year 2010
Country
No.
households
surveyed
of
Household vulnerability levels (%)
Low
Moderate
High
Lesotho
2,581
1.3
94.5
4.1
Swaziland
3,212
1.2
93.9
4.9
Zimbabwe
6,089
8.2
90.6
1.2
3.6
93.0
3.4
Average
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households
Capital
Human
Low vulnerability
Moderate vulnerability
High vulnerability
Headed by an
economically active
household member
Headed by an
economically active
household member
Headed by an
economically inactive
person, e.g. elderly, sick
or child
Very low dependency
ratio (less sick
members and no
orphans)
Dependency ratio is
low, less sick members
and no orphans
Dependency ratio is
high, more orphans and
sick members
Several economically
active members
At least two
economically active
members
Economically active
members are few
Tertiary level
education
Secondary school level
education
Illiterate, or educated
to primary level
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households
Capital
Natural
Low vulnerability
Moderate vulnerability
High vulnerability
Mostly rely on
inorganic fertilizer
Household use both
inorganic and organic
fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are
the main sources of
fertilizers
Medium agriculture
activity
Low agriculture
productivity
High agriculture
productivity
Utilize land for
mostly commercial
farming
Manages the
environment very
well
Utilize less land for
Utilize much land for
subsistence farming
subsistence and some
for commercial farming
They cannot manage
They can fairly manage the environment well
the environment
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households
Capital
Social
Low vulnerability
Moderate vulnerability
High vulnerability
No support from NGOs
and govt
Some means of support
from NGOs and govt
Support from NGO’s and
govt - food and health
More knowledgeable on
Well-informed on agric
and HIV/AIDS - Owns a TV agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns
a radio
and radio
Poor access to
information on agric and
HIV/AIDS
House electrified
Uses solar energy for
lighting
Uses an improved
latrine or
Dependant on firewood
for household energy
Uses a pit latrine
Uses the bush for toilet
Water from private
borehole or standpipe
Water from protected
source
Water from unprotected
source, e.g. dam, river
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households
Capital
Physical
Low vulnerability
Moderate vulnerability
High vulnerability
Own important
livestock in large
numbers
Own important
livestock in sustainable
numbers
Own very little or no
livestock
Contracted labour for
farm and off farm work
Labour for farm and
off farm work
No labour for farm and
off farm work
Own major farm
implements
Owns basic farm
implements
Do not own farm
implements
Receive and able to
buy agricultural
advisory services
Receive some
agricultural extension
services
Affords more than
three meals per day
At least three meals
per day
Do not regularly eat
three times a day
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Typology Of Vulnerable Households
Capital
Financial
Low vulnerability
Moderate
vulnerability
High
vulnerability
Diversified income
source
Fairly diversified
income source
No basic source of
income
Income is used on a
balance of needs
(farming inputs,
education, health,
recreation etc),
investments and
savings
Income is used on
a balance of needs
(farming inputs,
education, health,
recreation etc)
Social grant is used
on food and
medicines
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Generate Evidence
• Avail knowledge for people to benchmark
themselves and create a personal and
community vision
• Generate and disseminate evidence to inform
policy processes, decision making and
investment
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Using Local evidence to Develop Policies
and Investment Plans
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The Policy Environment: A Confused Arena
Cabinet
Donors
Policy
Formulation
Agenda
Setting
Parliament
Decision
Making
Civil Society
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Government
Policy
Implementation
Private
Sector
Source: John Young, Networking for impact. Experience from CTA supported regional agricultural policy networks, 2007
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The Policy Environment: The Key Players
Who is the Referee?
Department
of Water
Affairs
Department of
Agriculture,
Forestry and
Fisheries
Department of
Energy
Department
of Tourism
Department
of Trade &
Industry
Climate
Change
Department of
Mineral
Resources
Department of
Rural
Development &
Land Reform
Department
of Transport
Department of
Science &
Technology
Department of
Environmental
Affairs
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The Policy Environment: The Key Players
RESEARCH SYSTEM
ACTORS
•Research
Public (universities
and research centre)
Private
Civil Society
Policy makers
POLICY SYSTEM
ACTORS
• politicians & political system
•Civil servants
•Universities
•Civil societies and groups
LINKING ENVIRONMENT ACTORS
•Education, Institutions,
•Incentives, Innovation policy,
•Political systems and channel
•Stakeholder platforms
PRACTICE SYSTEM
ACTORS
•Producers of goods and services
•Input providers
•Organized groups of interest
Fig 1: A framework for linking research, policy and practice
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The Policy Environment: Challenges in Policy Development
• Plethora of actors
– African policy environment is crowded, and involvement
demands flexibility and responsiveness
• Lack of empirical data to validate assumptions
– Reliance on external information & databases
• Insufficient resources for continuous engagement
• Engagement in policy processes is the preserve of the
literate…YET
– Africa has some of the world’s lowest literacy levels in some
countries rates as low as 40 %
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The Research Challenges
• Lack of multi-and trans-disciplinary and research teams
• Local Universities do not accompany development agenda
• Research agenda not ALIGNED to community needs
– policy concerns and government agenda
• Lack capacities to communicate research results to policymakers
• Policy makers not demanding research backed evidence
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The Policy Challenges
• Lack of capacities to integrate knowledge into policy
• Absence of foresighted policy targeted at the existing
problems using research result
• Weak demand for research input by African policymakers
– Over reliance on external knowledge at the expense of local
knowledge
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Innovations in Linking Local to Global
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Moving Forward
Households and communities
Agricultur Natural
Social
Institutal
Resource Protectio
Food
ional
Products&
n&
Systems
ivity &
Environ- Livelihoo Strengthening
Markets
ment
ds
Evidence Based policies
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What To Do?
Food Systems
•Domestication of CAADP in the SADC region (4 out 15 SADC countries signed
compacts compared to all 15 in ECOWAS)
•National domestication of regional seed security policy for improved food security
of smallholder farmers in the SADC region through increased availability of and
access to seed
Agricultural Productivity & Markets
• Bringing women farmer issues into national and regional policy debates through
Theatre for Policy Action
Natural Resources & Environment
•Strengthening institutional capacity for linking climate change adaptation to
sustainable agriculture
•Assessing the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change
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What To Do? (continued)
Social protection and livelihoods
Generate information databases on vulnerability of household assets
(human, social networks, financial, natural and physical) to inform
development policy and practice (programme design, targeting,
monitoring, evaluation)
Institutional strengthening
Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue
•Create capacity to demand evidence for policy development
•Empower institutions with research backed evidence: household,
community, ward, municipal, provincial, national, regional, global
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Africa’s Oral Culture
• ORAL CULTURE has been used for 1000’s of years to
– pass on knowledge across generations without a writing
system
• An important role in Africa's history
– stories of the old times and the history of the continent
preserved this way
• Encompassed stories, songs and folklore
– sometimes performed to give a richer and more
expressive way of communication
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Theatre for Policy Advocacy
• Theatre makes use of Africa’s traditional ORAL CULTURE:


Song, dance, narrative and ceremonial rituals a part of African tradition
Defines a community’s identity
• Theatre is a powerful medium for communicating ideas



Levels the field,
Breaks barriers and
Addresses topics that are deemed “taboo”
• The TPA process




Is developed and refined by various development agents, researchers, social
scientists and theatre specialists
Stimulates dialogue and action - a theatrical performance is a major social event
in rural Africa
Provides a holistic enactment of the community's responses to the challenges of
daily existence and development
Works through community based processes
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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process
Community entry and mobilization
1
•
•
Secure the community’s buy-in for developing their own theatrical performance
Identification of appropriate performers, stakeholders and influencers
Engagement of policy researchers and development experts
2
•
•
Theatre company, policy researchers and communities develop a script capturing
key issues
Policy makers provide “expert” at the same time they gain community knowledge
that only villagers and farmers have
Building local capacity to communicate key messages through theatre
3
•
Community performers equipped with skills to package their own livelihoods
stories and mobilize their own communities towards a solution
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The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process
Community dialogue platform
•
4
•
•
Theatre performance provides a platform for researchers and policy makers
to engage in dialogue with different community groups
Performances serves as an icebreaker and sensitizer
Facilitated discussions are conducted to develop community based and
community supported solutions to women’s challenges
Identification of champions for community issues
5
•
•
•
Communities together with the professional theatre team identifies opinion leaders
The identified champions are individuals who are passionate about the issue and
willing to advocate on specific interventions
Community Voices taken to National & Global levels
6
•
•
•
Trained local talent and issue champions become a permanent community voice
They access and incorporate broader policy data to add weight to their advocacy
messages
They communicate their needs in a language that makes sense to relevant decision
makers
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Theatre in Action: Farmer Voices
Malawi, Everlyn Machete asked: “we
no longer have agricultural extension
service workers in our communities and
visiting us everyday, so how do you
expect small holder farmers like us to
learn new farming technologies or to
learn how to improve our agricultural
enterprises”
In response, Mrs. Alice Kishombe, the Agriculture
gender Roles and Extension Support Services
Officer (AGRESSO) says the “Government has a
shortage of Extension workers and hence no
officers are assigned to villages. Extension services
were provided on a demand basis”.
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From Community to National Level
• Innovative Strategies – Theatre for Policy Advocacy
– Community dialogues
– Support of oral culture and transcribe to written communication that is far reaching
– Action research
• Amplifying local voices
– Widen decision making process
– Training of women advocates
• Success Stories
– Document good practices- local secondary schools aided by tertiary institutions
• Validating local knowledge
– Tertiary Institutions-Local, colleges, Universities
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Multi-Stakeholder Transboundary Engagements
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Linking Policy Demand & Supply
Policy Advice/Options/Evidence
to support policy development
Farmers Organisations
Enabling policies – Production to
Trade and Markets (Value Chain)
Private Sector
Enabling policies – Production to
Trade and Markets (Value Chain)
Researchers/Policy Analysts
Technical Partners
Validation, analysis and dissemination
Development Partners
POLICY HORMONISATION VALUE FOR $
Media
Rallying point for news
Youth
Enabling environment for their active
engagement in the value chain
NGOs
Enabling policies - advocacy
SUPPLY
Government/Policy Makers
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Multi – Stakeholder Policy Dialogues
NATIONAL LEVEL
Ongoing Research
Studies
Emerging Issues and
FANR Policies Tracking
National
Policy
Dialogues
(Periodic)
REGIONAL LEVEL
Policy
Advisory
Process
• Coordination of multi-country studies
• Synthesis of research evidence
Into Agenda for Policy engagements
Agenda for
Policy
Engagement
• Networking, sharing
of information, regional and
global representation
POLICY ADVISORY NOTES-TO
GOVERNMENT
(Node Host Institution submits, follows up and
reports back at next stakeholder engagement
Africa Region
Representatives from:
•Farmers’ Organisations
• Governments
• Private Sector
• Researchers
• Development Partners
•Media
•Youth
•NGOs from all FANR Stakeholder Groups
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Way Forward: The Building Blocks
Seek out and scale up innovative solutions by
–
–
–
–
incorporating communities’ aspirations into policy processes
Document and validate successful interventions
Train policy “champions” who can spread the word
Train the Media in spreading the evidence
Collaborate across disciplines
– More collaboration in multi- and trans-disciplinary teams
– Look for ways to work together, while not losing the
advantages of deep sectoral expertise.
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REGIONAL: Knowledge Dissemination Platforms
• Information Dissemination to Strengthen Policy Advocacy
–
Multi-stakeholder Policy Dialogue platforms – i.e. CAADP round tables
–
Media Training on documenting best practices in the region
–
Training scientists in Policy Development and national priorities
–
Regional harmonization of policies-engagements with Regional Economic
Communities SADC, African Union, sharing experiences
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What Needs To Be Done Now?
• Enable poor rural people to harness new
opportunities-turn rural areas into places where
profitable opportunities and innovation takes
place by investing in rural enterprises
• Reversal of ‘business as usual’ approach to
economic and rural development- break
disconnect between policies and practice
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Levers for Scaling-up from
Local To Global?
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GLOBAL - Mobilising the Global Community to support Africa’s
Position on Food Security and Poverty Reduction
http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00623/
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Climate Smart Change
Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Linking
Climate Change Adaptation to Sustainable
Agriculture
•Integrate downscaled climate scenarios with
crop growth and adaptation models, and
household vulnerability information to build
evidence on cropping systems to inform
adaptation policies and investment decisions
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What Needs To Be Done Now?
• Strengthen collective capabilities of rural poorlocal level rural organisations to help manage
collective assets, reduce risk
• Strengthen multi-stakeholder engagementsGovernment, CSOs, Private, Farmers
organisations
• Strengthen South-South and North-South Cooperation- SADC, AU-NEPAD, G8 and G20,
COP17-UNFCCC, World Economic Forum
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Way Forward: The Building Blocks
Create an environment in which cooperation can thrive by
• Building effective regional and global partnerships
• Developing mutual accountability mechanisms
• Using communication and advocacy to promote change
Build the evidence base
• Collect relevant data in timely fashion, improve tools and
methods, and invest in monitoring and evaluation.
• Rope in African Universities to be custodians of
knowledge and partners in development
• Equip Communities with Evidence
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Message for CoP17, Durban, South Africa
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