Transcript 7 Vocabularyx

Vocabulary
“Words are one of our chief means of
adjusting to all the situations of life.”
- Bergen Evans
Etymology
To know the origin of words is
to know how men think, how
they made their civilisations.
For Example
• Politics – comes from the word ‘polis’ meaning
‘city state’ or ‘community’
• Democracy – ‘demos’ meaning people and
‘kratis’ meaning ‘power’.
• Salary (SAL=Salt) was originally money paid to
Roman soldiers to buy salt
• Companion (COM with + PAN bread) was
originally a person one shared one’s bread with
• Malaria (MAL bad + AER air) was so named
because people thought it was caused by the bad
air in the swamps
• Insect (IN in + SECT to cut) was so named because
its body is cut into three segments
• Trivia (TRI Three + VIA way) in Roman times meant
the crossroads where three ways met and where
neighbourhood gossips on their way to the market
often stopped to chat about unimportant things
• Preposterous (PRE before + POST after) originally
meant having the before part where the after part
should be, like a horse with its tail where its head
should be, in other words, absurd.
21st Century Words
• Chillybin – a box for keeping things cold – if
you were going on a picnic.
• Supersize – larger than average, extremely
large
• Fanboy – a male fan, especially one who is
obsessed with comics, science fiction, or
popmusic.
• Nomophobia, Phantom Ringing, Phubbing,
Text-walking
Can you think what their origins might be ?
Choose One Word from Each Column,
that best describes you
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Active
Appreciative
awesome
bright
Brilliant
Broadminded
careful
caring
cheerful
clear-eyed
Committed
Compelling
Competitive
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Cooperative
Creative
critical
Determined
Earnest
Energetic
Engaging
enthusiastic
forgiving
Friendly
generous
goal-minded
helpful
humble
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Influential
Innovative
Inspiring
jovial
Kind
knowledgeable
laughing
learned
loyal
motivating
Nurturing
Optimistic
Painstaking
patient
pleasant
positive
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Professional
quick-witted
resourceful
sociable
sincere
skilful
supportive
suspicious
sympathetic
talented
tolerant
trusting
unbiased
visionary
wise
youthful
zealous
Name Game
 Think of an adjective beginning with the
first letter of your name to describe
yourself.
 Introduce yourself to others using that
adjective.
(e.g., I am Raju. I am Rational.)
 Remember the adjectives others use to
describe themselves.
 Introduce two or three colleagues to class.
What Do You Expect to Learn?
Object
Disposition
Intent
Mark
Aspiration
Limit
Schema
Desire
Aim
Plan
You will learn . . .
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What is a word?
Why learn more words?
How many words does one need?
Which words to learn?
What does ‘knowing a word’ mean?
Vocabulary learning strategies
What is a WORD?
“A unit of language, consisting of one or
more spoken sounds or their written
representation, that functions as a
principal carrier of meaning.”
 one or more morphemes/phonemes
 smallest unit for independent use
 separated by spaces in writing
Why learn more words?
 to meet our needs
 to communicate effectively
 to build thoughts
 to understand ideas
 to contribute to human knowledge
“The more words you know, the more clearly and powerfully you will
think and the more ideas you will invite into your mind.”
- Wilfred Funk
How many words to learn?
 Lexemic frequency dictionaries
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80% of occurrences by only 20% of words
 1,000 words for a basic conversation
 2,000 words to survive through the day
 8,000 words to converse with a European
 15,000 word families for university studies
Which Words to Learn?
New
Known
Important Not-so-important
Productive
Receptive
can recall & use
in speech & writing
can only comprehend
while reading & listening
NIP Words
New
Important
Productive
Knowing a Word means. . .
Knowing a Word
means knowing its
Form
Grammar
Collocation
Denotation
Spelling
Pronunciation
Connotation
Meaning
Appropriateness
Synonyms
Meaning
Relation
Antonyms
Spelling
Spell these words right?
anamolous, asbestas, boyancy, celcius,
dessicant, equalibrium, farenheat, ossilation,
sextent, saizmic, viscoscity, mathmatics,
umblical card, sacreligious
anomalous, asbestos, buoyancy,
Celsius, desiccant, equilibrium,
Fahrenheit, oscillation, sextant,
seismic, viscosity, mathematics,
umbilical cord, sacrilegious
Is Spelling Important?
Is Spelling Important?
Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs!
I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht
I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan
mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers
in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist
and lsat ltteers be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a
taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm.
Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?
Yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
Is Spelling Important?
The amount of grammer and usege arrow’s today is
shaking. Not to menshun speling. If I was a teecher,
I’d feel badly that less and less students seam to
undestand the baysic principals of good righting.
Niether the oldest high school students nor the
youngest kindergartner know prepare usege. A
stewdent offen thinks they can depend on word
procesing programs to corect they’re errors.
Know way! We should tale are childrun to study hard
like we did at they’re edge and to watch less TV then
there glassmates.
Tips to Learn Spelling
1. Make the effort
2. Look closely/photo memory
3. Memorize
4. Write/type the words
5. List your difficult words
6. Use mnemonics
7. Keep a notebook
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It’s necessary to have 1 Collar and 2 Socks.
A piece of pie
You hear with your ear.
Pull apart to separate.
Definite has 2 i’s in it
There is a place just like here.
Because: Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small
Elephants
• Cemetery has three e’s – eee! – like a scream.
• IN NO CENTury is murder an innocent crime.
• Slaughter is LAUGHTER with an S at the beginning.
Pronunciation
Say these words right?
adhesion, clothes, language, development,
espresso, forte, parentheses, suite, vehicle,
knowledge engineer, jewelry, asterisk,
routine, adjective, genuine
/ædhiʒən/, /kloʊðz/, /læŋgwɪdʒ/,
/dɪvɛləpmənt/, /ɛsprɛsoʊ/, /fɔrteɪ/,
/pərɛnθəsɪz/, /swit/, /viɪkəl/, /nɒlɪdʒ/,
/ɛndʒənɪər/, /dʒuəlri/, /æstərɪsk/,
/rutin/, /ædʒɪktɪv/, /dʒɛnyuɪn/
Grammar
Identify the action verbs in this passage?
My cell phone rang almost immediately
after I walked into the class and started
the lesson. I had forgotten to switch it off.
Let me silence it now. Will you also please
put your phones in silent mode?
rang, walked, started, had forgotten,
switch off, silence, will put
Word Learning Strategies-1
Discover Words
 Love words
 Increased exposure to English
 Intentional/incidental learning
 Guess from contextual clues
 Use the dictionary/thesaurus
 Ask someone
Contextual Clues – Synonyms
• Context clues are often found in the form of
synonyms –words that mean the same as the
unknown word.
• The synonyms are usually set off by special
punctuation within the sentence, such as
commas, dashes, or parentheses; and they may
be introduced by or and that is.
1. Are you averse—opposed to—the decision?
2. His naivete, or innocence, was obvious.
3. The salesperson tried to assuage the angry customer’s
feeling, but there was no way to soothe her.
Context Clues – Antonyms
• Antonyms—words and phrases that mean the
opposite of the word – are also useful as context
clues.
• Antonyms are often signaled by words and
phrases such as however, but, yet, on the other
hand, and in contrast.
1. My sister Ann is lively and outgoing; however, I am
rather introverted.
2. Religions in America are not static, but changing,
especially in this period of shifting values.
3. Many people have pointed out the harmful effects that
a working mother may have on the family, yet there are
many salutary effects as well.
Context Clues – Examples
• Examples can serve as context clues for a word.
• Examples are often introduced with such signal
words as including and such as.
1. Nocturnal creatures, such as bats and owls, have highly
developed senses that enable them to function in the dark.
2. The adverse effects of this drug, including dizziness, nausea,
and headaches, have caused it to be withdrawn from the
market.
3. Common euphemisms include “final resting place” (for
“grave), “intoxicated” (for “drunk”), and “comfort station”
(for “toilet”).
General Sense of the Sentence
Contextual cues can be understood by the
general sense of the sentence too.
1. A former employee, irate over having been fired,
broke into the plant and deliberately wrecked several
machines.
2. Despite the proximity of Ron’s house to his sister’s
he rarely sees her.
3. The car wash we organized to raise funds was a
fiasco, for it rained all day.
Guess the meaning of the underlined words
from the general sense of the sentence
1. He was born to a family that possessed great
wealth, but he died in indigence.
2. My friend Julie is a great procrastinator. She
habitually postpones doing things, from
household chores to homework.
3. Since my grandfather retired, he has developed
such avocations as gardening and long-distance
bike riding.
4. The Lizard was so lethargic that I wasn’t sure if it
was alive or dead. It didn’t even blink.
Guess the meaning of the underlined words
from the general sense of the sentence
5. The public knows very little about the covert
activities of CIA spies.
6. Many politicians do not give succinct answers to
questions, but long, vague ones.
7. Because my father had advised me to scrutinize
the lease, I took time to carefully examine all the
fine print.
8. In biology class today, the teacher discussed
such anomalies as two heads and webbed toes
on a human being.
Guess the meaning of the underlined words
with the help of contextual clues
1. Rather than be involved in clandestine meetings,
they did everything quite openly.
2. The girl who used to be very vociferous doesn't talk
much anymore.
3. Pedagogical institutions, including high schools,
kindergartens, and colleges, require community
support to function efficiently.
4. He was so parsimonious that he refused to give his
own sons the few pennies they needed to buy
pencils for school. It truly hurt him to part with his
money.
Use a Dictionary
Explore a word that comes to your mind
Use a Thesaurus
Two trucks loaded with thousands of copies of Roget's
Thesaurus collided as they left a New York publishing
house last Thursday, according to the Associated Press.
Witnesses
were
aghast,
amazed,
astonished,
astounded,
bemused,
benumbed,
bewildered,
confounded, confused, dazed, dazzled, disconcerted,
disoriented, dumbstruck, electrified, flabbergasted,
horrified,
immobilized,
incredulous,
nonplussed,
overwhelmed, paralyzed, perplexed, scared, shocked,
startled, stunned, stupified, surprised, taken aback,
traumatized, upset. . . .
Learn to Ask?
“What’s the English word for ___?”
“How do you say____ in English?”
“What does ____ mean in Hindi?”
“Is it a kind of _____ ?”
“Is it like a _____ ?”
Word Learning Strategies-2
Remember Words
 Use imagery
 Use meaning relations
 Use word parts
 Mnemonics
Pictograms & Word Pictures
Synonyms & Antonyms
Write S for Synonyms; A for Antonyms & U for Unrelated:
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abridge - curtail
satiated - reverse
surfeit - paucity
clemency - mercy
tacit - explicit
zenith - rain
7 archive - format
8 random - hungry
9 ennui - boredom
10 fuse - mingle
11 random - precise
12 finite - rigid
Homonyms
Distinguish the following pairs of words:
Affect - Effect
Desert - Dessert
Elicit - Illicit
Farther – Further
Hoard – Horde
Its – It’s
Industrial -Industrious
Loose - Lose
Rise – Raise
Sensitive - Sensible
Tortuous - Torturous
Waver - Waiver
Homophones
Find homophones for each of these words:
Allowed
Birth
Ceiling
Dear
Earn
Four
Grown
Heard
Idle
Jewel
Know
Loan
Mail
Nose
One
Peace
Quarts
Red
Steel
Tale
Veil
Waste
What
Yolk
Collocation
Which words go with which verb?
things, sure, difference, nothing, sense, decision,
mistakes, well, homework, job, something,
money, whatever, judgments, gardening, work,
mistake, copies, effort, anything
Make
sure
a difference
sense
a decision
mistakes
money
judgments
mistake
copies
effort
Do
things
nothing
well
homework
a job
something
whatever
gardening
work
anything
Root Words
Match the root words with their meanings:
Root
Meaning
anthrop
year
bell
short
arthro
color
chrom
war
vit
believe
cred
joint
brev
life
ann
human
Mnemonics
Mnemonics are a method or system for improving
the memory
• Argument or arguement?
Argument loses an ‘e’.
• Color Combinations
Better Get Ready When
Your Mistress Comes Back
Primary colors - Blue, Green, Red = White
Secondary colors - Yellow, Magenta, Cyan = Black
• Planets in order of distance from sun
My very easy method: just set up nine planets.
• Trigonometry Formula
Some people have curly brown hair through proper
brushing.
Word Learning Strategies-3
Practise Words
 Written repetition
 Spoken repetition
 Word lists
 Vocabulary notebooks
 Create meaningful sentences
 Link to personal experience
Word Learning Strategies-4
Master Words
 Set word learning goals
 Make conscious effort
 Test yourself
 Review repeatedly
 Devote specific time
Word Games - Crossword
Word Games - Anagrams
Unscramble these words:
monday
ytrmgoee
accioust
adegnr
rdecaa
rusiv
yribna
hammcnsei