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Writing for computer science Ch3. Style specifics Irina Sokolova 2008.10.04 Contents Spelling conventions Jargon Cliché and idiom Foreign words Overuse of words Padding Plurals Abbreviations Acronyms Sexism 2 Spelling conventions The English-speaking countries have different spelling conventions. The most important discrepancy in spelling is between Britain and the United States. The best authority for national spelling is usually a respectable dictionary written for that country. 3 Jargon The word "jargon" means terms used in a specialized vocabulary or mode of speech familiar only to a group or profession. As such, the use of jargon is an important part of scientific. Jargon does not have to consist of obscure terms, indeed it can be at its most confusing when words in common use are given a new meaning; and some words have multiple meanings. New jargon inevitably arises in the research process, as ideas are debated and simple labels attached to newly familiar concepts. 4 Cliché and idiom Some expressions are cliché, that is, stock phrases whose meaning has a little relationship to their words. Many readers, especially those from other cultures, may misunderstand such phrases. Examples include: “follow suit”; “up to scratch”. Idiomatic phrases are also poor. Example: “lose track”; “monkey see, monkey do”. Do not use such phrases. 5 Foreign words Sometimes at a writing of clause or documents use of foreign words is necessary. The use of foreign words very difficultly for understanding, therefore is necessary to use English equivalents. For example: Some writers feel that use of foreign words is demandedde byrigueur etiquette because it lends the work a certain difficulty explained je ne sais quoi knowledge of rules of and shows savoir-vivre. a good form of etiquette. 6 Foreign words Latin expressions - the group of foreign words which is usually used in the technical letter or the documentation. Examples: mutatis mutandis (making necessary changes); prima facie (presence of sufficient proofs); circa (approximately); mea culpa (fault). Such phrases are not universally understood, and should only be used if you are confident of the meaning. 7 Overuse of words Repetition of a word is annoying when it makes the reader feel they have read the same phrase twice, or have read a phrase and an inversion of it. Ada was used for this project because the underlying operating system is implemented in Ada. (Wrong) Ada was used for this project because it is the language used for implementation of the underlying operating system. (Correct) Try to not use a phrase: so, also, note that, thus 8 Padding Padding is the use of pedantic phrases such as “the fact that” or “in general”, which should be deleted, not least because they are irritating. There are three form: 1) Padding 2) Concept of quantity – the phrase “a number of”, “several”, “many”. 3) Adjectives Use minimum numbers of this words. 9 Plurals When describing classes of things, excessive use of plurals can be confusing. The use of variant plurals is becoming less common. Where once it was thought correct to base the plural form on that of the language of the root of the word, now it is almost always acceptable to use "-s" or "-es". Thus "schemata" can be "schemas", "indices" can be "indexes", and "formulae" can be "formulas". (But "radii" is not yet "radiuses" nor is "matrices" "matrixes".) Special cases remain, in particular where the plural form has replaced the singular as in "data", and in old-English forms such as "children". 10 Abbreviations It is often tempting to use abbreviations such as "no.", "i.e.", "e.g.", "c.f.", and "w.r.t." These save a little space on the page, but slow readers down, particularly those whose first language is not English. It is almost always desirable to expand these abbreviations, to "number", "that is", "for example", "compared with" and "with respect to", or synonyms of these expressions. Where such abbreviations are used, the punctuation should be as if the expanded form were used. Avoid use of "etc." 11 Abbreviations The ellipsis is a useful notation for indicating that text has been omitted. It should, therefore, only be used in quotations. A slash, also known as a virgule or solidus, is often used for abbreviation, as in "save time and/or space" or "used for list/tree processing". Use of slashes betrays confusion, since it is often not clear whether the intended meaning is or (in the usual English sense of either but not both), or (in the usual computing sense of either or both), and, or also. If you want to be clear, don't use slashes. 12 Acronyms In technical documents with many compound terms it can be helpful to use acronyms, but as with abbreviations they can confuse the reader. An acronym is desirable if it replaces an otherwise indigestible name such as "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" (miner's black lung disease), in which case the acronym becomes the name—as has happened for DNA. 13 Acronyms Abbreviations are terminated by a stop but it is unusual to put stops in acronyms. Thus "CPU" is correct, "C.P.U." is acceptable but pedantic, "CPU." is incorrect. Plurals of acronyms don't require an apostrophe; write "CPUs" rather than "CPU's". 14 Sexism Form of expression than unnecessarily specify gender are widely regarded as sexist. In technical writing, sexist usage is easy to avoid. A user may be disconnected when he makes a mistake. (Wrong) A user may be disconnected when they makes a mistake. (Correct) Remember that some readers find use of “he” and “she” for a genetic case offensive and dislike writing that employs such usage. 15