Transcript 771Notes07-NLTK

CSCE 771
Natural Language Processing
Lecture 7
NLTK POS Tagging
Topics
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Taggers
Rule Based Taggers
Probabilistic Taggers
Transformation Based Taggers - Brill
Supervised learning
Readings: Chapter 5.4-?
February 3, 2011
Overview
Last Time
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Overview of POS Tags
Today
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Part of Speech Tagging
Parts of Speech
Rule Based taggers
Stochastic taggers
Transformational taggers
Readings
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Chapter 5.4-5.?
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NLTK tagging
>>> text = nltk.word_tokenize("And now for something
completely different")
>>> nltk.pos_tag(text)
[('And', 'CC'), ('now', 'RB'), ('for', 'IN'), ('something', 'NN'),
('completely', 'RB'), ('different', 'JJ')]
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>>> text = nltk.word_tokenize("They refuse to permit us
to obtain the refuse permit")
>>> nltk.pos_tag(text)
[('They', 'PRP'), ('refuse', 'VBP'), ('to', 'TO'), ('permit',
'VB'), ('us', 'PRP'), ('to', 'TO'), ('obtain', 'VB'), ('the',
'DT'), ('refuse', 'NN'), ('permit', 'NN')]
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>>> text = nltk.Text(word.lower() for word in nltk.corpus.brown.words())
>>> text.similar('woman')
Building word-context index... man time day year car moment world
family house country child boy state job way war girl place room
word
>>> text.similar('bought')
made said put done seen had found left given heard brought got been
was set told took in felt that
>>> text.similar('over')
in on to of and for with from at by that into as up out down through is
all about
>>> text.similar('the')
a his this their its her an that our any all one these my in your no some
other and
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Tagged Corpora
By convention in NLTK, a tagged token is a tuple.
function str2tuple()
>>> tagged_token = nltk.tag.str2tuple('fly/NN')
>>> tagged_token
('fly', 'NN')
>>> tagged_token[0]
'fly'
>>> tagged_token[1]
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'NN'
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Specifying Tags with Strings
>>> sent = '''
... The/AT grand/JJ jury/NN commented/VBD on/IN a/AT
number/NN of/IN ... other/AP topics/NNS ,/,
AMONG/IN them/PPO the/AT Atlanta/NP and/CC
...
... accepted/VBN practices/NNS which/WDT inure/VB
to/IN the/AT best/JJT ... interest/NN of/IN both/ABX
governments/NNS ''/'' ./. ... '''
>>> [nltk.tag.str2tuple(t) for t in sent.split()]
[('The', 'AT'), ('grand', 'JJ'), ('jury', 'NN'), ('commented',
'VBD'), ('on', 'IN'), ('a', 'AT'), ('number', 'NN'), ... ('.', '.')]
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Reading Tagged Corpora
>>> nltk.corpus.brown.tagged_words()
[('The', 'AT'), ('Fulton', 'NP-TL'), ('County', 'NN-TL'), ...]
>>> nltk.corpus.brown.tagged_words(simplify_tags=True)
[('The', 'DET'), ('Fulton', 'N'), ('County', 'N'), ...]
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tagged_words() method
>>> print nltk.corpus.nps_chat.tagged_words()
[('now', 'RB'), ('im', 'PRP'), ('left', 'VBD'), ...]
>>> nltk.corpus.conll2000.tagged_words()
[('Confidence', 'NN'), ('in', 'IN'), ('the', 'DT'), ...]
>>> nltk.corpus.treebank.tagged_words()
[('Pierre', 'NNP'), ('Vinken', 'NNP'), (',', ','), ...]
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>>> nltk.corpus.brown.tagged_words(simplify_tags=True)
[('The', 'DET'), ('Fulton', 'NP'), ('County', 'N'), ...]
>>> nltk.corpus.treebank.tagged_words(simplify_tags=True)
[('Pierre', 'NP'), ('Vinken', 'NP'), (',', ','), ...]
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readme() methods
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Table 5.1:
Simplified Part-of-Speech Tagset
Tag
ADJ
ADV
CNJ
DET
EX
FW
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Meaning
adjective
adverb
conjunction
determiner
existential
foreign word
Examples
new, good, high, special, big, local
really, already, still, early, now
and, or, but, if, while, although
the, a, some, most, every, no
there, there's
dolce, ersatz, esprit, quo, maitre
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MOD
modal verb
will, can, would, may, must, should
N
noun
year, home, costs, time, education
NP
proper noun
Alison, Africa, April, Washington
NUM
number
twenty-four, fourth, 1991, 14:24
PRO
pronoun
he, their, her, its, my, I, us
P
preposition
on, of, at, with, by, into, under
TO
the word to
to
UH
interjection
ah, bang, ha, whee, hmpf, oops
V
verb
is, has, get, do, make, see, run
VD
past tense
said, took, told, made, asked
VG
present
participle
making, going, playing, working
VN
past participle
given, taken, begun, sung
wh determiner
who, which, when, what, where,
how
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– 13WH
–
>>> from nltk.corpus import brown
>>> brown_news_tagged =
brown.tagged_words(categories='news',
simplify_tags=True)
>>> tag_fd = nltk.FreqDist(tag for (word, tag) in
brown_news_tagged)
>>> tag_fd.keys()
['N', 'P', 'DET', 'NP', 'V', 'ADJ', ',', '.', 'CNJ', 'PRO', 'ADV',
'VD', ...]
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Nouns
>>> word_tag_pairs = nltk.bigrams(brown_news_tagged)
>>> list(nltk.FreqDist(a[1] for (a, b) in word_tag_pairs if
b[1] == 'N'))
['DET', 'ADJ', 'N', 'P', 'NP', 'NUM', 'V', 'PRO', 'CNJ', '.', ',',
'VG', 'VN', ...]
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Verbs
>>> wsj =
nltk.corpus.treebank.tagged_words(simplify_tags=True
)
>>> word_tag_fd = nltk.FreqDist(wsj)
>>> [word + "/" + tag for (word, tag) in word_tag_fd if
tag.startswith('V')]
['is/V', 'said/VD', 'was/VD', 'are/V', 'be/V', 'has/V', 'have/V',
'says/V', 'were/VD', 'had/VD', 'been/VN', "'s/V", 'do/V',
'say/V', 'make/V', 'did/VD', 'rose/VD', 'does/V',
'expected/VN', 'buy/V', 'take/V', 'get/V', 'sell/V', 'help/V',
'added/VD', 'including/VG', 'according/VG', 'made/VN',
'pay/V', ...]
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>>> cfd1 = nltk.ConditionalFreqDist(wsj)
>>> cfd1['yield'].keys()
['V', 'N']
>>> cfd1['cut'].keys()
['V', 'VD', 'N', 'VN']
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>>> cfd2 = nltk.ConditionalFreqDist((tag, word) for
(word, tag) in wsj)
>>> cfd2['VN'].keys()
['been', 'expected', 'made', 'compared', 'based', 'priced',
'used', 'sold', 'named', 'designed', 'held', 'fined',
'taken', 'paid', 'traded', 'said', ...]
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>>> [w for w in cfd1.conditions() if 'VD' in cfd1[w] and
'VN' in cfd1[w]]
['Asked', 'accelerated', 'accepted', 'accused', 'acquired',
'added', 'adopted', ...]
>>> idx1 = wsj.index(('kicked', 'VD'))
>>> wsj[idx1-4:idx1+1]
[('While', 'P'), ('program', 'N'), ('trades', 'N'), ('swiftly',
'ADV'), ('kicked', 'VD')]
>>> idx2 = wsj.index(('kicked', 'VN'))
>>> wsj[idx2-4:idx2+1]
[('head', 'N'), ('of', 'P'), ('state', 'N'), ('has', 'V'), ('kicked',
– 19 –'VN')]
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def findtags(tag_prefix, tagged_text):
cfd = nltk.ConditionalFreqDist((tag, word) for
(word, tag) in tagged_text if
tag.startswith(tag_prefix)) return dict((tag,
cfd[tag].keys()[:5]) for tag in cfd.conditions())
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Reading URLs
NLTK book 3.1
>>> from urllib import urlopen
>>> url = "http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2554/2554.txt"
>>> raw = urlopen(url).read()
>>> type(raw) <type 'str'>
>>> len(raw) 1176831
>>> raw[:75]
http://docs.python.org/2/library/urllib2.html
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>>> tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(raw)
>>> type(tokens) <type 'list'>
>>> len(tokens) 255809
>>> tokens[:10] ['The', 'Project', 'Gutenberg', 'EBook',
'of', 'Crime', 'and', 'Punishment', ',', 'by']
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Dealing with HTML
>>> url = "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2284783.stm"
>>> html = urlopen(url).read()
>>> html[:60] '<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0
Transitional//EN‘
>>> raw = nltk.clean_html(html)
>>> tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(raw)
>>> tokens ['BBC', 'NEWS', '|', 'Health', '|', 'Blondes', "'", 'to',
'die', 'out', ...]
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.
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Chap 2 Brown corpus
>>> from nltk.corpus import brown
>>> brown.categories() ['adventure', 'belles_lettres',
'editorial', 'fiction', 'government', 'hobbies', 'humor',
'learned', 'lore', 'mystery', 'news', 'religion', 'reviews',
'romance', 'science_fiction']
>>> brown.words(categories='news') ['The', 'Fulton',
'County', 'Grand', 'Jury', 'said', ...]
>>> brown.words(fileids=['cg22']) ['Does', 'our',
'society', 'have', 'a', 'runaway', ',', ...]
>>> brown.sents(categories=['news', 'editorial',
'reviews']) [['The', 'Fulton', 'County'...], ['The', 'jury',
'further'...], ...]
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Freq Dist
>>> from nltk.corpus import brown
>>> news_text = brown.words(categories='news')
>>> fdist = nltk.FreqDist([w.lower() for w in news_text])
>>> modals = ['can', 'could', 'may', 'might', 'must', 'will']
>>> for m in modals: ... print m + ':', fdist[m],
... can: 94 could: 87 may: 93 might: 38 must: 53 will: 389
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>>> fdist1 = FreqDist(text1)
>>> fdist1 <FreqDist with 260819 outcomes>
>>> vocabulary1 = fdist1.keys()
>>> vocabulary1[:50]
[',', 'the', '.', 'of', 'and', 'a', 'to', ';', 'in', 'that', "'", '-', 'his',
'it', 'I', 's', 'is', 'he', 'with', 'was', 'as', '"', 'all', 'for', 'this',
'!', 'at', 'by', 'but', 'not', '--', 'him', 'from', 'be', 'on', 'so',
'whale', 'one', 'you', 'had', 'have', 'there', 'But', 'or',
'were', 'now', 'which', '?', 'me', 'like']
>>> fdist1['whale'] 906 >>>
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>>> cfd = nltk.ConditionalFreqDist( ... (genre, word) ...
for genre in brown.categories() ... for word in
brown.words(categories=genre))
>>> genres = ['news', 'religion', 'hobbies',
'science_fiction', 'romance', 'humor']
>>> modals = ['can', 'could', 'may', 'might', 'must', 'will']
>>> cfd.tabulate(conditions=genres, samples=modals)
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Table 2.2:
Some of the Corpora and Corpus
Samples Distributed with NLTK
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Table 2.3 Basic Corpus Functionality
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fileids()
the files of the corpus
fileids([categories])
the files of the corpus corresponding to
these categories
categories()
the categories of the corpus
categories([fileids])
the categories of the corpus
corresponding to these files
raw()
the raw content of the corpus
raw(fileids=[f1,f2,f3])
the raw content of the specified files
raw(categories=[c1,c2])
the raw content of the specified
categories
words()
the words of the whole corpus
words(fileids=[f1,f2,f3])
the words of the specified fileids
words(categories=[c1,c2])
the words of the specified categories
sents()
the sentences of the whole corpus
sents(fileids=[f1,f2,f3])
the sentences of the specified fileids
sents(categories=[c1,c2])
the sentences of the specified
categories
abspath(fileid)
..................
the location of the given file on disk
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def generate_model(cfdist, word, num=15):
for i in range(num):
print word,
word = cfdist[word].max()
text = nltk.corpus.genesis.words('english-kjv.txt')
bigrams = nltk.bigrams(text)
cfd = nltk.ConditionalFreqDist(bigrams)
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Example 2.5 (code_random_text.py)
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Table 2.4
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Example
Description
cfdist =
ConditionalFreqDist(pairs)
create a conditional frequency
distribution from a list of pairs
cfdist.conditions()
alphabetically sorted list of
conditions
cfdist[condition]
the frequency distribution for this
condition
cfdist[condition][sample]
frequency for the given sample for
this condition
cfdist.tabulate()
tabulate the conditional frequency
distribution
cfdist.tabulate(samples,
conditions)
tabulation limited to the specified
samples and conditions
cfdist.plot()
graphical plot of the conditional
frequency distribution
cfdist.plot(samples,
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>>> wsj =
nltk.corpus.treebank.tagged_words(simplify_tags=Tr
ue)
>>> word_tag_fd = nltk.FreqDist(wsj)
>>> [word + "/" + tag for (word, tag) in word_tag_fd if
tag.startswith('V')]
['is/V', 'said/VD', 'was/VD', 'are/V', 'be/V', 'has/V',
'have/V', 'says/V', 'were/VD', 'had/VD', 'been/VN',
"'s/V", 'do/V', 'say/V', 'make/V', 'did/VD', 'rose/VD',
'does/V', 'expected/VN', 'buy/V', 'take/V', 'get/V',
'sell/V', 'help/V', 'added/VD', 'including/VG',
'according/VG', 'made/VN', 'pay/V', ...]
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Example 5.2 (code_findtags.py)
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highly ambiguous words
>>> brown_news_tagged =
brown.tagged_words(categories='news',
simplify_tags=True)
>>> data = nltk.ConditionalFreqDist((word.lower(), tag)
... for (word, tag) in brown_news_tagged)
>>> for word in data.conditions():
... if len(data[word]) > 3:
... tags = data[word].keys()
... print word, ' '.join(tags)
...
best ADJ ADV NP V
better ADJ ADV V DET
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….
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