Transcript The ABC`s of English Language Arts and Reading - EC-6

The ABC’s of English Language Arts
and Reading
By: Emma Smith
A is for…
• Alphabetic Principle- described as the
ability to connect letters with sounds, and
to create words based on these
associations. Having the understanding that letters and letter
patterns represent the sounds
of spoken English.
B is for…
• Bottom-up approach- proceeds from the
specific to the general, or from parts to the
whole. This approach begins with phonemes and
graphemes, and continues by
expanding to the syllable, words,
sentences, paragraphs, and then
whole reading selections.
C is for…
• Communication disorders- occurs when a person’s speech interferes
with his/her ability to convey messages during interactions with community
members.
•
classifications of language disorders
1. Voice disorders-any type of distortion of pitch, timbre, or volume of spoken
communication. Resonance- describes abnormalities created when sound passes
through the vocal tract. Phonation-describes any kind of abnormality in the
vibration of the vocal fold.
2. Fluency disorders-refers to any kind of condition that affects the
ability to produce coherent and fluent communication.
3. Articulation problems- when pronouncing certain sounds present challenges.
4. Language processing disorders-generally caused by a brain-based disturbance
called aphasia. Receptive Aphasia-creates problems with listening
comprehension and retrieval of words from memory.
Expressive aphasia-affects speaking ability and causes specific problems
with articulation and fluency. Global aphasia-very severe-produce
minimal speech and their comprehension is very limited.
D is for…
• Decoding-children analyze a written word in order to decode and obtain meaning.
• Decoding clues-using context & structural clues to help identify
unknown words.
*Context clues-semantic, syntactic, and structural
Semantic clues-requires a child to think about the meanings
of words and what is already known about the topic being read.
Syntactic clues-the word order in a sentence
*Structural clues-derivational & inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes-most come from Greek or Latin-representing
relatively consistent meanings. Can change the syntactic classification of
the word such as changing a verb to a noun or an adjective to a verb.
Inflectional morphemes-Native to English and always function as
suffixes. Does not change the syntactic classification and typically
follow derivational morphemes in a word.
E is for…
• Examining speaking abilities:
o Intelligibility-teachers determine if a child speech can be understood with minimum
effort. Avoid language dialects such as the Boston dialect, Cajun dialect and Ebonics.
o Language Interference-common in ELL -most noticeable
when students use the phonology of their first language to
pronounce words in English. Can create semantic
problems. ELL can apply incorrect word stress, in
multiple syllable words ELLs may place primary stress
on the last syllable, something most Standard English
speakers would never do.
F is for…
Functional writing:
Describes activities in which writing is used to achieve a
specific purpose.
Examples: labeling areas & objects
note taking
list making
G is for…
Genre-a particular type of literature that can be
classified in multiple categories.
• Types of genres:
*Traditional Literature
*Multicultural Literature
*Modern Fantasy
*Historical Fiction
*Nonfiction
*Biography
*Poetry
H is for…
• Homonyms are words tat have the same sound and the same
spelling but differ in meaning.
example: pop-can mean a can of soda or can mean a sound
• Homophones are words that sound
the same but are spelled differently and
have different meanings.
example: roll and role
• Homographs are words that are spelled
the same way but have more than
one pronunciation and different meanings.
example: wind-a gusty wind
wind-wind up the toy
I is for…
• Intonation patterns: Describes the pitch contour of a
phrase or a sentence that is used to change the meaning
of the sentence.
English has a number of intonation patterns
which add conventionalized meanings to the
utterance: question, statement, surprise,
disbelief, sarcasm, teasing.
example: question- “How are you?”
reply- “How are you?”
Jis for…
• Journals- are a way of engaging children to write for
meaningful purposes.
• Types of journals:
&
&
&
&
Personal journals: records personal info.
& encourages self-analysis of their experiences.
Dialogue journals: promotes communication
between student and teacher.
Reflective journals: used to respond in writing to
specific situations or problems.
Learning logs: students use these to describe
what they have learned in content areas
and where they’re having difficulties.
The teacher reads them and assists the student where requested.
K is for…
• Knowledge of assessments-teachers understand the basic
principles of literacy assessment and use a variety of
assessments to guide literacy instruction.
• Two types of assessments:
• Informal assessments include anecdotal records,
portfolios, miscue analysis, story retelling, and
running records.
• Formal assessments include teacher-made tests,
district exams, and standardized tests.
L is for…
• Language components-six basic components of any
given language are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phonology-the study of the sound system of language. The basic units of sound are phonemes.
Graphemes or individual letters represent phonemes.
Morphology-the study of the structure of words
and word formations. Morphemes are the smallest
representation of meaning.
Syntax-entails the ways in which words are organized
and arranged in a language.
Lexicon-refers o the vocabulary of a language.
Semantics-refers to the way that meaning is conveyed in a
language through the use of its vocabulary. Connotation
refers to the implied meaning of words and ideas. Denotation
refers to the literal meaning of words and ideas.
Pragmatics-describes how context can affect the
interpretation of communication.
M is for…
Modes of writing
• Narrative- the story or account.
• Descriptive- to provide information about a person,
place, or thing. Can be fiction or nonfiction.
• Expository- to explain and clarify
ideas.
• Persuasive-to convince the reader
of something.
N is for…
• New
Readers & Writers
O is for…
P is for…
Q is for…
R is for…
S is for…
T is for…
U is for…
Vis for…
W is for…
X is for…
Y is for…
Z is for…