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Oracle audit and reporting in one
hour or less.
Session 448
Security, Risk and Compliance
Prepared by:
Leon Rzhemovskiy
Database Architect
UnikaSolution.com
REMINDER
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Learning Objectives
■ Answer questions Who, What , When and Where about any
database activity by setting up an Oracle audit. The
infrastructure is free and available in every database edition.
■ Stay on top of any possible performance and storage issues
by choosing appropriate audit parameters.
■ Build summary and detail reports to analyze audit events
from multiple databases using APEX or SQL*Plus.
■ Setup a data retention period and cleanup audit records
regularly.
■ Create honeypot to attract hacker’s attention.
■ Enable alerts and send email notifications using Oracle
Enterprise Manager infrastructure.
Monitoring Infrastructure
Enabling Auditing
Database auditing is enabled and disabled by the AUDIT_TRAIL
parameter in the database initialization parameter file.
Unfortunately, audit_trail is not a dynamic parameter and as a
result, requires a database reboot. To enable the audit, execute
the following SQL commands as sysdba:
■ ALTER SYSTEM SET audit_trail=db_extended SCOPE=SPFILE;
■ SHUTDOWN immediate;
■ STARTUP;
Verify the audit value by executing
SELECT VALUE FROM V$PARAMETER WHERE NAME='audit_trail';
Auditing options
Audit policy is controlled by setting up options based on the statement,
privilege, object and network level.
AUDIT and NOAUDIT statements are used to set up auditing settings.
Following views could be used to display auditing settings:
■ DBA_PRIV_AUDIT_OPTS;
■ DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
■ DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS;
To remove all audit settings on the statement and privilege level
execute
■ NOAUDIT ALL PRIVILEGES;
■ NOAUDIT ALL;
Auditing Options Setup
The auditing event’s frequency impacts database performance and storage.
The number of auditing options varies between database versions.
You can setup auditing options by running oracle recommended
RDBMS/admin/secconf.sql.
In my opinion, it is more beneficial to start from auditing everything available
and reduce/modify auditing options if needed.
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AUDIT ALL PRIVILEGES WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL;
AUDIT ALL WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL;
NOAUDIT CREATE SESSION;
AUDIT CREATE SESSION WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL;
NOAUDIT SELECT ANY TABLE;
NOAUDIT SELECT ANY SEQUENCE;
NOAUDIT INSERT ANY TABLE;
NOAUDIT DELETE ANY TABLE;
NOAUDIT UPDATE ANY TABLE;
NOAUDIT EXECUTE ANY PROCEDURE;
Audit Reporting
Audit entries are stored in SYS.AUD$ table and usually are accessed
using DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL view. For every entry, the user name,
timestamp, connection origin, action performed and even SQL
statement is recorded.
You can use TOAD, SQLDeveloper to browse audit records. SQL*Plus
could be used to generate html output. The following is a sample:
set feedback off
set pagesize 0
spool summary.html
prompt <HTML><BODY>
prompt <TABLE BORDER=1>
prompt <TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER" COLSPAN=2><B>Summary by Date</B></TD></TR>
prompt <TR><TD>Date</TD><TD>Count Audit Entries</TD></TR>
SELECT '<TR><TD>'||TRUNC(TIMESTAMP) ||'</TD><TD align=right>'|| COUNT(1)||'</TD></TR>'
FROM dba_audit_trail
WHERE TIMESTAMP BETWEEN TRUNC(SYSDATE,'MON') AND SYSDATE
GROUP BY TRUNC(TIMESTAMP)
ORDER BY TRUNC(TIMESTAMP) DESC;
prompt </TABLE><BR>
prompt </BODY></HTML>
exit;
Audit reporting using APEX demo
Audit reporting using APEX demo
Audit reporting using APEX demo
Audit reporting using APEX demo
Audit reporting using APEX demo
Audit reporting using APEX demo
Audit Cleanup
The simplest (but not recommended by Oracle) option is
TRUNCATE TABLE sys.aud$;
If you are running 11g, then use the following solution:
-- init cleanup
BEGIN
DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.INIT_CLEANUP(
AUDIT_TRAIL_TYPE => DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.AUDIT_TRAIL_AUD_STD,
DEFAULT_CLEANUP_INTERVAL => 720 /*hours*/ );
END;
/
-- set timestamp to purge data 30+ days old
BEGIN
DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.set_last_archive_timestamp(
audit_trail_type => DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.AUDIT_TRAIL_AUD_STD,
last_archive_time => SYSTIMESTAMP-30);
END;
/
-- cleanup job. Should be scheduled to execute daily
BEGIN
DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.clean_audit_trail(
audit_trail_type
=> DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.AUDIT_TRAIL_AUD_STD,
use_last_arch_timestamp => TRUE);
END;
/
Setup alerts and email notifications
Login to Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 12c
Navigate to Enterprise-> Monitoring -> Metric Extensions -> Action -> Create
Setup alerts and email notifications
Honeypot Setup
Create a table with an intriguing name and then monitor any attempt to
select data from this table. Setup the Metric Extension and email
notifications in Enterprise Manager to react on unauthorized actions
immediately.
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_CREDIT_CARDS(
Customer_no
number(16),
Credit_Card_No number(16),
Credit_Card_Exp varchar2(4));
GRANT SELECT ON CUSTOMER_CREDIT_CARDS TO PUBLIC;
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM CUSTOMER_CREDIT_CARDS FOR
CUSTOMER_CREDIT_CARDS;
AUDIT SELECT ON CUSTOMER_CREDIT_CARDS;
Conclusion
There is no excuse to avoid setting up an Audit Trail. You will get an
enormous value for expending very little effort. You can utilize APEX
application or any SQL client to browse Oracle audit entries. You can
react immediately on unauthorized activities by setting up Enterprise
Manager metric extensions and email notifications.
Please contact me if you need any assistance.
Please complete the session
evaluation on the mobile app
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Session 448