Transcript From Phonics to Reading

國小英語精進教學:
From Phonics to Reading
楊岳龍
楊岳龍
Daniel
加拿大多倫多大學畢業
教育部英語師資培訓結業
中正大學外文研究所畢業
國小英語教學之理念
國小學生該學些什麼?
Stage 1 : Games
Stage 2 : Big Books
Stage 3 : Phonics
Stage 4 : Reading
Significance of Reading
1. a steady & reachable source of
inputs
2. a highly effective means of
extending knowledge & gaining
information
3. the only readily available
exposure to the target language
Foundation of literacy
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Relate letters to sounds
3. Phonics and the ability to
manipulate the sounds
4. Sight words
5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,
& expression
6. Apply reading comprehension
strategies (for understanding and
enjoyment)
Foundation of literacy
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Relate letters to sounds
3. Phonics and the ability to
manipulate the sounds
4. Sight words
5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,
& expression
6. Apply reading comprehension
strategies (for understanding and
enjoyment)
Phonemic
Awareness
Phonemic Awareness
Phonemic awareness is the
understanding, or insight, that a word is
made up of a series of discrete sounds.
There are 44 phonemes in English
(Phonics From A To Z, pp.12)
Five Basic phonemic awareness tasks
(Adams, 1990)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rhymes and alliteration
Oddity tasks
Oral blending
Oral segmentation
Phonemic manipulation
(Phonics From A To Z, pp.28-29)
Some other ideas to keep in mind
1. Phonemic awareness is not
related to print.
2. Avoid using activities as
assessments.
3. Get all students to participate.
4. Model, model, model!
24
Foundation of literacy
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Relate letters to sounds
3. Phonics and the ability to
manipulate the sounds
4. Sight words
5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,
& expression
6. Apply reading comprehension
strategies (for understanding and
enjoyment)
Alphabets
字母 Alphabets
Bb
letter name
/bi/
letter sound
/b/
letter form
字母教學與練習活動
1.找找看 哪裡有字母?
2.字母像什麼?
字母教學與練習活動
1.找找看 哪裡有字母?
2.“H” 像什麼?
3.身體寫字機
4.圈字高手
Foundation of literacy
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Relate letters to sounds
3. Phonics and the ability to
manipulate the sounds
4. Sight words
5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,
& expression
6. Apply reading comprehension
strategies (for understanding and
enjoyment)
Phonics
Components of a phonics lesson
• Repeated readings
• Phonemic awareness exercises
• Explicit introduction of
sound/spelling relationship
• Blending opportunities
• Word-building opportunities
• Controlled text reading
opportunities
• Dictation
Phonics from A to Z (p. 92-93)
Phonics lesson dos
• Use a logical and systematic sequence
• Be explicit in your introduction of
sound-spelling relationships
• Brief and fast-paced lessons
• Keep the lessons focused
• Create a classroom environment in
which children become active word
watchers or word detectives
• A built-in review of previously taught
sound-spellings
• Link phonics instruction to spelling
• Use simple, short words
Phonics from A to Z (p. 91-92)
Foundation of literacy
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Relate letters to sounds
3. Phonics and the ability to
manipulate the sounds
4. Sight words
5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,
& expression
6. Apply reading comprehension
strategies (for understanding and
enjoyment)
Sight Words
Sight words (high frequency words)
• Out of 600,000+ words, 13 words account for more
than 25% of the words in print
a, an, for, he, is, in, it, of, that, the, to, was, you
• 100 words account for 50%
• 20% of the 250 most frequently used words by
children are FUNCTION words which make up 7075% of all the words children use in their writing
• Words determined to be necessary for all reading
because of their high frequency
• Recognition of a word “at sight” without the need
to analyze or decode it
• Words taught as a whole
• High frequency words is necessary for fluent reading
• Carry little meaning, but affect the flow and coherence
of text
• Most are “irregular” –different from commonly-taught
sound-spelling relationships
Sequence of high-frequency words
instruction
1. State aloud & use it in a sentence
2. Write the sentence. Underline the highfrequency word
3. Discuss the word
4. Have children spell aloud the word
5. Spell & write the word in the air
6. Spell again & write on paper
7. Display the high-frequency words on
the wall
Phonics from A to Z (p. 97)
High Frequency Readers
Example: Lunch
Mini-books
Reading Sheets
Sight Word Readers
Example: Little and big
Show and Tell: Little and big
Foundation of literacy
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Relate letters to sounds
3. Phonics and the ability to
manipulate the sounds
4. Sight words
5. Read with accuracy, fluency, speed,
& expression
6. Apply reading comprehension
strategies (for understanding and
enjoyment)
Reading
The teaching of phonics
is only the mean to the end.
Reading
When To Start Reading?
Alphabets Books
Phonics Readers
Example: The –et word family
Example: Super Dan, the fix-it man
Example: Starfall (http://www.starfall.com)
Alphakids
Example: Dogs
Example: Dogs-Worksheet
決定閱讀階段
• 聲韻辨識能力 (Phonemic awareness)
• 讀本概念 (print concept)
• 字母認識 (alphabetic principle)
• 字音拼讀能力 (phonics)
• 朗讀流利度 (fluency)
• 文章理解 (comprehension)
Theory of Automatic Information Processing
Automaticity in reading
(LaBerge & Samuels, 1974)
beginning readers
decoding
switch
Attention
comprehension
fluent readers
decoding
comprehension
Attention