Transcript Key Words
Graphic Organizers For Common Textual Patterns What would be the best graphic organizer for today’s reading? Narrative Somebody in wanted ,but so… Narrative Climax Resolution Complication(s) Setting: Exposition Description Key Words: Because Therefore Thus So If…then As a result.. Resulting in.. Affect(s)…Eff ect(s)… Leads to… Cause(s)… Cause and Effect Definition is (subject, expressed as a noun) THAT (Place the subject into a general category.) Name the specific characteristics of the subject that distinguish it from other members of its category. Example is an example of . } (its features) Comparison/Contrast Classification Process Analysis Steps: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Often used in math, science, technology, foreign language Building Background Knowledge Four Indirect Ways to Build Background Knowledge Multiple exposures to targeted information Both linguistic and non-linguistic manipulation of information Vocabulary development: explicit and implicit instruction Virtual experiences Vocab/BK I Vocabulary Instruction to Build Background Knowledge to Improve Reading Comprehension: How can I provide multiple exposures to new words? How can I use both explicit and implicit instruction for academic vocabulary development? How can I promote vocabulary learning through both verbal and non-verbal means? How can I promote student use of new academic vocabulary in their speech during class? Virtual Experiences That Build Background Knowledge • • • • Reading Social interaction Educational TV, movies Websites Strategies: Set a purpose Determine importance Monitor for comprehension Pre-read, re-read etc. “Reading is not completely a how-to skill. It’s a knowledge-based skill.” E. D. Hirsch Background Knowledge, esp. Vocabulary SSR (Sustained Silent Reading) 20 minute sessions Twice- three times weekly More than one year Student choice No formal accountability Wide choice of reading materials Learning Through Social Communication Vocab/BK II What opportunities do students have to use subject area language by speaking and listening to each other? Problem-solving Presentations Role Playing Special Projects The Extended Word Map Dimensions of Word Knowledge Notional Set: Other words that go Lexical Set: Synonyms with this topic divergence, points, simultaneous coincidence, coming together… intersection, convention, meeting Target Word: Morphological Set: The other forms Convergence that this word can take by using suffixes and prefixes converge, converging converged, convergent Grammatical Set: The way in which this word is used in a sentence; the words that may surround it: The convergence of… Etymological Set: Root; combining forms Connotative Set Positive, Negative, or Neutral Technical/Scholarly or Conversational/Informal Metaphorical or Literal Con: with word Visual: Examples: function, Vocabulary Connections I property, reaction, origin, tangent, variable, solve, mean, graphic, base, extreme, factor, fact, imaginary, rational, Irrational, determine math/science meaning power, prime, product, multiple, operation, radical, remainder, range, regular, proof, conversational meaning: difference, cell, value, area, cube, root, plot, complementary, common, math/science sentence: depression, digit, operation, frequency… conversational sentence: “Life-Preserver” Words in Text: Thus, Therefore, Hence, For example, In other words, <indications that a specific number of items is to follow> Abstract Language Signals -tion, sion -ency -ness -al -ment -sis -ism Tree Hierarchy Geographical Features Water Navigable Rivers Creeks Seas Streams Tributaries Land Unnavigable Lakes Estuaries Arable Not Arable Semantic Mapping Target Word How would you teach a second language? Of Limited Value… Lists alone Context alone Definitions alone Dictionaries and Glossaries alone Of Durable Value… Words in clusters Multiple exposures in various contexts Chances to speak, hear, write the words Manipulation of forms of words Classify and categorize word lists Word games Present Words in Clusters Before or after reading: Build word banks, charts, graphic organizers based upon key thematic words in the passage Manipulating New Words Put new words into their various grammatical forms Establish Associations When introducing a new word, establish a connection first, leading to a definition, and then present the word last: Ex: “Premonition” Emphasize Function Target: Executive Branch Definition: 1. What are three specific examples of situations that would be handled by the executive branch of government? 2. What would be an example of a situation that would be handled by one of the other two branches? Teach Connotation Negative, Positive, Neutral Does a negatively connotative word have a euphemism? Does a positively connotative word have a negative counterpart? Does a neutral word have a positive or a negative form? Ex: Public relations specialists; papparazzi Entrepeneur; robber baron Reading is Key 3rd, 5th, 7th graders: Would integrate 1 out of 20 unfamiliar words into their vocabularies when reading grade-level text 5th graders integrate 3,000 new words per year 25 minutes a day of reading = 1,000 new words per year (1/3 of their total of new words per year) 25 MORE minutes of reading per day = 1,000 additional words per year Challenging reading would yield another 1,000 words per year Effective Games and Puzzles One of these things is not like the other Crosswords: flexibility, spelling Pictionary Scattergories Summary Use a variety: Combine implicit (reading) and explicit instruction. Make connections: Teach words in clusters, rather than isolated lists. Be selective: Concentrate on words in which the student has partial familiarity, rather than words that are totally unfamiliar and unlikely to be used often Use and encourage use of new words in a variety of forms.