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Phonics
Objectives
Lesson 1: Introduction to phonics
Lesson 2 : Consonant clusters
Lesson 3 : Puzzling sounds
Lesson 4 : Syllables and word stress
Lesson 5 : Intonation
Phonics
Aims
1. To teach students the basic ideas about reading
with phonics.
2. To show students that when they read with
phonics, they can read words by saying the
sounds that letters make.
3. To teach students how to read sight words. Sight
word is a word that does not follow the normal
phonic rules.
4. To show students how to use the dictionary to
find the pronunciation of words.
Phonics
Objectives
Lesson 1 : Introduction to phonics
1. To help students learning the sounds made by the
alphabets.
2. To teach short and long vowels.
3. To help students learning consonants.
Teaching method
1. PowerPoint slide presentation
2. Exercises and quizzes
Phonics
Objectives
Lesson 2 : Consonant clusters
1. To teach students the consonant clusters.
2. To help students learning double consonants,
blends, digraphs.
Teaching method
1. PowerPoint slide presentation
2. Exercises and quizzes
Phonics
Objectives
Lesson 3 : Puzzling sounds
1. To teach students homophones.
2. To help students learning sounds of past tense
endings, soft ‘c’ and ‘g’.
3. To help students learning ‘r’ as a vowel modifier.
Teaching method
1. PowerPoint slide presentation
2. Exercises and quizzes
Phonics
Objectives
Lesson 4 : Syllables
1. To teach students the syllables of words
2. To help students learning word stresses.
3. To show students how to use the dictionary to find
the pronunciation of words.
Teaching method
1. PowerPoint slide presentation
2. Exercises and quizzes
Phonics
Objectives
Lesson 5 : Intonation
1. To teach students the stresses in phrases or
sentences.
2. To help students learning the stress rules.
3. To teach students how to read out sentences with
correct stress patterns.
Teaching method
1. PowerPoint slide presentation
2. Exercises and quizzes
Phonics
Lesson One
Introduction to Phonics
Hello!
Phonics
Phonics is the process of learning through the
relationship between letters and combination
of letters and the sounds that go with them.
Phonics approach
helps you ‘sounding out’ new words.
English has only 26 letters
But
44 different sounds
5 written vowels: a, e, i, o, u
(母音)
20 different vowel
sounds
21 written consonants
(子音)
24 consonant
sounds
Difficult to read out English
words because:
1. Single letter - different sounds
apple
always
Try to read out
these
words
about
acorn
artist
Difficult to read out English
words because:
2. Different letters –same sound
be
police
tree
quay
sea
people
piece
complete
seize
key
Vowels
a, e, i, o, u
Short vowels
a, e, i, o, u
These letters are called vowels. You
can sometimes hear their sounds in the
middle of words.
Trace the vowel sound in each word:
cat
nest
rock
tub
win
Try it yourself…
A
B a_ g
R a_ g
S a_ t
P a_ t
L a_ p
E
I
O
U
H e_ nthe Pshort
_i n vowel
D o_ t T _u b
Put
Psounds
_e n T into
_i n these
F _o g Moo
_d
en
i p
u
T
_
S
_
L
_
t
F
_
n
o
words. Say the words.
S _e t
Ch _i p St _o p B u_ n
L _e t F _i g Ch o_ p Cl u_ b
Long vowels:
Sometimes the vowels ‘say their names’ i.e., they
have the same sound as letters of the alphabet.
When they do this they are called LONG vowels.
A:
E:
I :
O:
play,
see,
pie,
rope,
U : tube
cage, way
feet, eat
kite, try
old, grow
suit,
you
‘Magic e’
When ‘e’ is written at the end of a 3 letter word or a 4
letter word, the short vowel sound changes to a long
vowel sound.
Short vowel
tap
pip
not
mat
bit
hop
Long vowel
A
tape
magic !
pipe
note
mate
bite
hope
Try it yourself…
A
E
I
O
U
B a_ ke
_Ee_ l
T _i e
Sn o
_w
Mu
_ sic
St a
_y
F _ee_ l
F _i ve
Go
_o
Cu
_ be
Put the long vowel
Ma
_ ke Tr _ee_
Sl _i ce G o_ es
sounds into these
L a_ ke
Ch ee
_ _se P _i e
Bl _o w
words.Say the words.
S a_ y
Wh ee
_ _l Sl _i de
To
_e
Su
_ it
R u_ le
Pu
_ pil
Single consonants and short vowels
Pattern
Position
Single consonants Initial
Short vowels
Example
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m,
n, q, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, x,
y, z
Initial & middle a : apple
bat
e : elephant pet
i : ink
tin
o : orange
pot
u : umbrella jug
Common Patterns ( I )
Consonant – vowel (c-v)
Example:
to go be do no
Vowel – consonant (v-c)
Example:
an at in it on up us
Common Patterns ( II )
Consonant–vowel–consonant (c-v-c)
Rhyming words with different initial consonants
Example:
man can ran pan van fan
Common Patterns ( III )
Consonant–vowel–consonant (c-v-c)
Words with different final consonants
Example:
man mat mad map
Common Patterns ( IV )
Consonant–vowel–consonant (c-v-c)
Words with different mid short vowels
Example: pan pen pin
Try yourself
Colour the vowels
If the word has a short vowel sound, colour the word red
If the word has a long vowel sound, colour the word green
page
went
cup
so
sad
tree
leaf
teddy
cap
nose pie
tie
tie
Oral Practice – Tongue Twister
Betty Botter - I
Betty Botter bought some butter,
But, she said, the butter’s bitter
If I put it in my batter
It will make my batter bitter
But a bit of better butter
Will make my batter better.
Oral Practice – Tongue Twister
Betty Botter - II
So she bought a bit of butter,
Better than her bitter butter,
And she put it in her batter,
And the batter was not bitter.
So it was better Betty Botter
bought a bit of better butter.
Oral Practice – Rhyme
Baa, Baa, Black Sheep
Baa, baa, black sheep,
Have you any wool?
Yes, sir, yes, sir,
Three bags full;
One for the master,
And one for the dame,
And one for the little boy
Who lives down the lane.
Phonics
Lesson Two
Consonant Clusters
Consonant Clusters
Double consonants - two identical
consonants which sound like a single
consonant in the final position
LL L
Consonant Clusters
Blends - two consonants ‘blended’ together to
form a new sound
l
b
bl
Consonant Clusters
Digraphs - two letters joined together to
form a new single sound which is quite
different from their separate sounds
c
h
ch
Pattern
Double
consonants
Blends
Digraphs
Position
Final
Initial
Initial
Example
Words
_bb _dd _gg _ll _ss _ff _zz
and _ck
Pill
pull
bell
bull
bl_
br_
sc_
st_
cl_ fl_ gl_ pl_ sl_
cr_ dr_ fr_ gr_ pr_ tr_
sk_ sl_ sm_ sn_ sp_
sw_
ch, sh, th, ph, wh, qu
flat
drip
step
shop
this
much
must
mush
Pattern
Blends
&
Digraphs
‘n’ and
‘m’
blends
Position
Final
Finals
Example
_sh, _ch, _st, sk, _sp, _st,
_th, _tch
_nd, _nch, _ng, _nk, _mp, _nt
Words
last
list
lost
and
band
land
hand
sand
stand
camp
damp
lamp
stamp
Try it yourself!
Select the word
that rhymes in
each group.
Exercise 1
Double consonants
bell
well
sell
tell
shell
fell
tall
till
Answer 1
Double consonants
bell
well
sell
shell
fell
Good!
tell
Exercise 2
Double consonants
bill
pill
mill
well
fill
hill
will
wall
Answer 2
Double consonants
bill
pill
mill
will
fill
hill
Well
Done!
Exercise 3
bead
Vowels
need
wee
d
sell
sheep
lead
feed
seed
Answer 3
bead
Vowels
need
wee
d
lead
feed
Excellent!
seed
Exercise 4
Vowels
bed
fed
head
rod
wed
said
rid
red
Answer 4
Vowels
bed
fed
head
wed
said
Bravo!
red
Discussion
?
?
sail
?
?
Good Work!
Now discuss with your
classmates to find out
words that rhyme with
‘sail’.
Which blend?
Say out the word.
Mark the blend at
the beginning of
each word.
Which blend?
star
sw st sn
pl sm tr
sn st sw
snake
plane
Which blend?
spoon
sl bl sp
glass
st gl
gl dr
cr sm dr
dress
Which blend?
crayon
trousers
cr sm pl
gl fr fl
fr tr
tr cr
frog
Which blend?
flower
pl fr tr
grape
st br gr
sm st tr
smile
Blending riddle
Match the words
that rhyme.
Blending riddle
where
shoe
shop
chin
chew
there
then
cheese
thin
chop
these
when
More sounds
Say out the word.
Circle the blend at
the finals of each
word.
More sounds
ld
nt
nt
plant
paint
nt
nt
went
old
ld
nd
band
nd
hold
ld
friend
nd
cold
ld
front
nt
find
nd
end
nd
want
nt
ch and sh
Which begins with ch?
Which begins with sh?
ch and sh
ship
chair
shop
chicken
church
chain
shoes
Finish the words
All of these words
have ‘sh’ or ‘ch’ in
them.
Read the words. Fill
in the spaces.
Finish the words
ch
_
_ est
ch
whi _
_
s_h_ arp
ch
pit _
_
ch
ri _
_
c_ h_ in
c
_h
_ eck
sh
bu_
_
sh
_
_ ine
pat c
_h
_
da s
_h
_
s_
h
wi _
di s_ h
_
s_
h
su _
s
_h
_ ake
Finish the words (Hints)
Read this words:
check
check
crash
chapatti
chapatti
wish
such
such dish
rush
which
which
dash
pitch
pitch patch
shake
patch
chin
chin
sheet rich
rich
shine
sharp
shell
bush
chatter
chatter chest
chest
Sounds like …
Find out which
object begins with
which sound.
Sounds like …
Crane
Truck
Truck
Cr
Tr
Tree
Tree
Crab
Crown
Train
Train
Crack
Crayon
Triangle
Triangle
Trousers
Trousers
Trumpet
Trumpet
cross
Which ones?
Select pictures in
each row that
begin with the
sound.
Which ones?
Plate
Plant
Blouse
Flower
Cloud
Blow
Fly
Flag
Clock
Clown
Sledge
Plum
Slide
Which ones blend?
Find out which
object begins with
which sound.
Which ones blend?
Bread
Drink
Bridge
Drum
Frog
Frying-pan
Grape
Grass
Prize
Pram
Dress
Fruit
Grasshopper
Present
Say the sounds
Find out which
object begins with
which sound.
Say the sounds
Skip
Skirt
Skate
Smile
Smoke
Snowman
Snail
Spoon
Spider
Star
Swimming
Small
Snake
Spade
Stairs
Swan
Swing
Riddle 1
You use me every day.
You see me on your feet.
I begin with the same sound in the
words ‘show’, ‘short’ and ‘shone’.
Shoes
Riddle 2
You see me in the circus.
I have a red round nose.
I wear big, colourful clothes.
I make children laugh.
I begin with the same sound in the
words ‘cloud’, ‘clean’ and ‘class’.
clown
Riddle 3
I am round.
You use me when you eat.
I begin with the same sound in the
words ‘play’, ‘please’ and ‘place’.
Plate 
Riddle 4
I have four legs.
You sit on me every day.
I begin with the same sound in the
words ‘church’, ‘cherry’ and ‘chop’.
Chair
Phonics
Lesson Three
Puzzling sounds
Homophones
Words that sound exactly the same, but have
different meanings and different spellings.
Hello!
Bonjour!
Homophones
whole, hole
You could dig the
biggest hole in the
whole world.
Homophones
bear, bare
A bear might attack you
when you walk through
the forest with bare feet.
Homophones
The wet dog should pause
at the door to have his paws
wiped.
paws, pause
Solve these homophone clues:
1. You breathe it _a _i _r
Something is left to him in a will _h _e _i _r
2. Read a_ l_ o_ u_ d_
They let you do something , you’re
a_ l_l_o_w_ e_ d_
3. You did it at dinner yesterday _a _t _e
It’s a number e_ _i g_ h_ _t
4. You stop your bike with it _b _r _a k_ _e
If you drop an egg, it will _b_r _e_a_k
5. You pick it in the garden _f _l o_ _w_e_r
You make a cake with it _f _l _o _u _r
Past tense endings
There are 3 ways to pronounce past tense
ending ‘-ed’.
Sound
/t/
Ending
Example
s, sh, k, p + ed wished, asked, hoped
/d/
others + ed
/id/
t, d + ed
played, rained
hated, ended
Past tense endings
/id/ sound
e.g.
mended
/t/ sound
e.g. danced
1 syllable
2 syllables
/d/ sound
e.g. played
1 syllable
Some special sounds
‘soft’ c (sounds like /s/)
city
ice
pencil
cent
city
Some special sounds
‘soft’ g (sounds like /j/)
gentle
giant
cage
ginger
change
Try it yourself!
One is ‘g’ as
in goose
or
‘g’ makes
game.
two
We different
call this
‘hard
g’.
sounds.
goose
game
goat
Try it yourself!
One is ‘g’ as
in giant or
gem.
We call this
‘soft g’. It
sounds ‘j’.
gem
giraffe
giant
‘r’ as a vowel modifier
when an ‘r’ comes after a vowel,
the ‘r’ makes the vowel sound different
Pattern
Position
R modifies
short
vowels
All
R modifies
vowel
blends
Final
Modification
by w
Initial
Example
ar: car, arm, part, shark
er: after, sister
ir: bird
ur: burn
eer: deer
ear: near, tear(long)
ear: wear, pear (short)
air: hair, pair, fair
are: care, dare, scare
or sounds like: worm world
ar sounds like: warm
Try it yourself!
Each of the following
a an ‘r’ after a
words
car has
vowel.
i
bird
Find the words.
a
star
i
corn
girl
o
o
port
Phonics
Lesson Four
Syllables and Word stress
Syllables
English words break into sound units, or
beats, which are called ‘syllables’.
Every syllable
contains at least
one vowel.
Syllables
We need to say words aloud to find out how
many syllables they have.
We have to
think about
how they sound,
not how they
look.
Syllables
Breaking words into syllables will help us to
work out how to spell them.
d-i-c-t-a-t-i-o-n
dic-ta-tion
1-syllable 2-syllable 3-syllable
4-syllable
I
ago
dictation
composition communication responsibility
do
father
potato
television
much
letter
understand comparison photosynthesis
small
picture
animal
spring
5-syllable
supernatural
6-syllable
Mediterranean
Encyclopaedia
potentiality
Example
When nine thousand aliens landed in the
school playground, our headteacher went
wild.
When nine thou-sand a-li-ens lan-ded in the
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
school play-ground, our head-teach-er went
1
wild.
1
2
1
3
1
Try it yourself!
Count the number
of syllables in
each word.
Try it yourself!
Spelling isn’t hard,
2
2
1
Once you know some of the tricks,
1
1
1
1
1
2
Good1 Work!
Divide the word into syllables,
2
1
1
2
That makes it easy.
1
1
1
2
3
Word stress
dictation
compositio
n
absolutely
potato
reliable
Listen
to syllables
your
How
many
Which
syllable
is
teacher
reading
do
these
words
more
loudly
read
by
these
words
have?
your teacher?
Try it yourself!
letter
college
Where are the
compare
school
stressed syllables?
happily
discovery
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the first syllable if the word
ends in:
-ic(s)
music, physics, phonics
-ia
-(i)on
-ior
-ive
Asia, Sonia
nation, poison, season
junior, senior
passive, active
-ous
-ure
famous, conscious
picture, capture
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the first syllable if the word
ends in:
Continue…
-som(e)
-le
-al
-e/ant
-en
-age
-ry
handsome, seldom
little, uncle, bible
medal, total
moment, servant
garden, driven, kitten
passage, courage
story, history
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the last syllable if the word
ends in:
-aim
proclaim
-cur
-duce
-eem
-irm
occur
reduce
esteem
confirm
-ose
oppose
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the last syllable if the word
ends in:
Continue…
-ume
resume
-ide, -ite divide, decide, recite
-self
himself
-ote
promote
-ert
insert
-ect/act react
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on different syllables when the
word is in different forms:
Noun
(Stress on the first Syllable)
Verb
(Stress on the last syllable)
subject
record
conduct
subject
record
conduct
object
produce
contract
transfer
object
produce
contract
transfer
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on different syllables when the
word is in different forms:
Continue…
Adjective
Verb
(Stress on the first syllable)
(Stress on the last syllable)
present
present
Word with 2 or more syllables
Usually the third syllable from the end of the
word is stressed.
origin
innocen
t
particle
representation
popula
r
originality
possibilit
y
publicity
Prefixes and stress
Prefixes will not change the word stress:
Word
Prefix
New word
form
re-
reform
rich
en-
enrich
prison
im-
imprison
cover
dis-
discover
interpret
mis-
misinterpret
Suffixes and stress
Suffixes will not change the word stress:
Word
happy
beauty
king, free
Suffix
-ly
-ful
-dom
New word
happily
beautiful
kingdom, freedom
home
selfish
appoint
-less
-ness
-ment
homeless
selfishness
appointment
hero
visit, ugly
scholar
-ism
-e/or
-ship
heroism
visitor, uglier
scholarship
Say together
1. guaranTEE, overSEE, Can’t you SEE
Say the words and
2. howEVer, forEVer, Pull the LEver
pay attention to the
stressed syllable.
3. underSTAND, comMAND, Play the BAND
4. ceLEbrity, comMUNity, Come PLAY with me.
Phonics
Lesson Five
Intonation
Intonation
Some words are stressed in a phrase or
sentence because they give a rhythm or more
important information.
Stressed
Intonation
Some words are stressed in a phrase
or sentence because they give a
rhythm or more important information.
Example:
‘
Some words are stressed
Sentence stress
Rule 1
The STRESSED words  The CONTENT words
e.g. Nouns, adjectives, action verb (walk, sit…), adverbs,
number, question words and demonstratives (this, that…)
Example
The witch is flying across the sky.
Sentence stress
Rule 2
The UNSTRESSED words are
usually the FUNCTION words.
articles (a, an, the)
Pronouns (I, me, my)
Prepositions (at, by, for)
conjunction (and, so, but)
auxiliary verbs (have, had, has)
modals (may, can, might)
‘to be’ verbs (am, is, are)
The witch is
flying across the
sky.
Sentence stress
Rule 3
Stressed words are:
Longer,
louder
and slightly higher
in pitch than
unstressed words.
Sentence stress
Rule 4
Say unstressed words quickly enough:
1. reduced or made shorter with contractions
she’ll, he’ll
2. run together with other unstressed words
‘a lot of’  ‘alota’
‘want to’  ‘wanna’
‘have to’  ‘hafta’
‘going to’  ‘gonna’
Sentence stress
Rule 5
Stress (or do not reduce) the final word of
a sentence if it is a function word (of, to,
with, for, me…)
Come PLAY with ME.
WHO is he GOing to
SCHOOL WITH?
Sentence stress
Rule 6
Only stress on the same syllable as
the word stress.
I’m going to the movie.
going
I’m GO-ING to the MOVIE.
I’m GOing to the movie.
Try it yourself!
1. ANN and JIM were GOing to the Movies.
2. ThePractise
PENcil is onthe
the TAble.
sentence
3. She Alwaysstress
LIKES torules
WORK on her desk.
4. It’s a VERY Interesting STOry.
5. WHAT are you DOing?
Try it yourself!
6. What TIME did he GET to the STAtion?
7. Has the TRAIN already LEFT?
8. It’s NOT an EASY THING to remember.
9. WHAT do you THINK he is WAITing FOR?
10. WHO will you be GOing WITH?
Try it yourself!
1. Do you like to go camping?
Find
out
thebefore
content
2. Students
need
to study
a test.
words stressed in the
3. My children sentence.
are growing very quickly.
4. How long will it take to paint your house?
5. Who will you be going with?
Try it yourself!
I’m
I’m glad
glad to
to meet
meet you,
you, Carol.
Carol. Welcome
Welcome to
to
XYZ
XYZ Company.
Company. I’m
I’m glad
glad you
you were
were hired
hired
for
for this
this position.
position. We’ve
We’ve been
been waiting
waiting for
for
someone
someone to
to fill
fill this
this position
position for
for almost
almost aa
month.
month. You’ll
You’ll
be
be working
working
with
with me
me in
in the
the
Practise
saying
Finance
Finance Department.
Department. I’m
I’m in
in charge
charge of
of the
the
the
conversation.
daily
daily records,
records, so
so you’ll
you’ll need
need to
to turn
turn in
in
your
your reports
reports to
to me
me daily.
daily. If
If you
you have
have any
any
questions,
questions, be
be sure
sure to
to ask
ask me.
me. I’d
I’d be
be glad
glad
to
to answer
answer them.
them. Do
Do you
you know
know who
who else
else
you’ll
you’ll be
be working
working with?
with?