Transcript Lecture 1 - Introduction

REMEMBER !

PLACEMENT TEST per i ritardatari
contattate dott’ssa Eade: [email protected]

RICEVIMENTO BOWLES
 Lunedi 10-11, Venerdi 14-15

DIDATTICA WEB
 Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM
 “Files” e “Comunicazioni”
1
What you need to pass the exam
if you are attending classes

Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint,
documents, summaries)

Website

Regular study and practice every week
2
What you need to pass the exam
if you are NOT attending classes
Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint,
documents, summaries)
 Website
 Regular practice every week
 Books in bibliography

3
Bibliography (if you need to
understand further/better)

Roach, P. English Phonetics and
Phonology. Cambridge University Press

Carstairs-McCarthy A., An introduction to
English morphology. Edinburgh University
Press

Thomas, L. Beginning Syntax. Blackwell.
4
What you will find in the exam

Written exam
 Questions on each lesson
- 50% phonetics/phonology
- 20% syntax
- 30% morphology
5
Introduction to English Linguistics mod.B
prof. Hugo Bowles
Lesson 3
Morphology
6
Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997)
Pragmatics
Structure
Medium of
Transmission
Phonetics
Phonology
Grammar
Morphology
Syntax
Use
Meaning (semantics)
Lexicon
Discourse
Morphology

The study of the structure of words

or

how to analyse “elephant” and
“supercalifrgilisticexpialidocios”
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How are they related?

Grammar
 Syntax
 Morphology
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CLASSIFYING GRAMMAR
CLASSIFYING
MORPHOLOGY
THE OVERALL PICTURE
simple and complex words

Morphology helps you to distinguish
between simple and complex words.

This lesson aims to help you do morpheme
analysis so that you can divide words into
their constituent parts
13
Morphemes

a morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning
or grammatical function

distinction between free morphemes and
bound morphemes
Free morphemes


can stand by themselves as a single word
e.g. grace
can be lexical (e.g. boy,elephant)
or functional (e.g. and, but)
So a simple word is made up of one free morpheme
Bound morphemes

cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to
another morpheme, e.g. re-, -ful

prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes
Terminology
boy, yes, elephant

simple words
 base forms
 roots
Simple or complex?

Website exercise
18
Identify core morphemes

Website exercise
19
Find the roots the following words

unwholesome
 whole
 rulership
 rule
 underdeveloped
 develop
 overachiever
 achieve
 operational
 operate
 indispensable
 dispense
PREFIXES
e.g. un-, de-, super meaningful
 come
elements
BEFORE base form
role – allow for the construction
of a large number of new words
 lexical
SUFFIXES
e.g. –ness, -ed, -er
 meaningful
2
elements
types of suffix:
DERIVATIONAL
INFLECTIONAL
DEFINING SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
DERIVATIONAL
e.g. -ness, -ship, -able
change meaning of base form
lexical role
INFLECTIONAL
e.g. -s, -ed, -er
no lexical meaning
grammatical role only
INFLECTION OF PLURAL
PLURALS
inflection
REGULAR FORM
-s, -es, -ies
IRREGULAR FORM
es. children
SINGULAR MEANING
es. scissors, binoculars
INFLECTION OF VERBS
TYPES OF INFLECTION
BASE FORM
-S FORM
-ING FORM
-ED FORM
3rd pers. sing.
gerund
past tense, past part.
Two methods

Two methods can be used to represent
morpheme analysis:
- Dividing by hyphens
-
Using a tree diagram
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Mehtod 1 – Dividing by hyphens

Dividing by hyphens (trattini) is the
simplest and easiest method for doing
morphological analysis.
How do you do it?
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Step 1 – Find the root !
The root of the word is the base form to
which other bound morphemes are
attached.

Where is the root in:
- teacher
teach
- paper
No root ! It’s a base form
truth
- truthfulness
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Find the roots the following words

unwholesome
 whole
 rulership
 rule
 underdeveloped
 develop
 overachiever
 achieve
 operational
 operate
 indispensable
 dispense
STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes
from the root with a hyphen
e.g. truthfulness
root
=
truth + bound morpheme -ful =
truth
truth-ful
truthful + bound morpheme -ness = truth-ful-ness
Answer = truth-ful-ness
Can you divide these words
with hyphens?

Colourful
 Happiness
 Unbelievable
 Teacher
 Monster
 Rattlesnake
colour-ful
happi-ness
un-believ-able
teach-er
monster
rattle-snake
Method 2 – tree diagram

This involves dividing the word in terms
of the grammatical functions of the
morphemes and representing it as a tree.

This is more difficult !
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step 1 – divide the word using
hyphens

truthfulness
truth-ful-ness
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step 2 – extract the words that
are created by the morphemes

In the single word truthfulness we have
actually found three words:
 truthfulness
 truthful
 truth (root)

What is the grammatical function of
these words?
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step 3 – analyse the grammar
of each word

In the single word truthfulness we have
actually found three words:
noun (N)
 truthfulness
 truthful
adjective (A)
 truth (root)
noun (N)

What is the grammatical function of
these words?
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step 4 – start the tree from the
root
-
Write the word at the bottom
Attach the grammatical category of the root
to the root
N
truth-ful-ness
step 5 – attach the grammatical
category of the next word
A
N
truth – ful - ness
step 6 – attach the grammatical
category of the next word
N
A
N
truth – ful - ness
Another example
specification
Step 1 – divide the word using hyphens
specification
specif-ic-ation
step 2 – extract the words

specification
 specific
 specify (root)
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step 2 – extract the words

specification
 specific
 specify (root)
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step 3 – analyse the grammar

specification (N)
 specific (A)
 specify (root) (V)
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step 4 – start from the root
V
specif - ic - ation
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step 5 – add the next category
A
V
specif - ic - ation
44
Step 6 – add the next category
N
A
V
specif - ic - ation
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The structure is not always like this

The structure of the tree will depend on how
the word has been morphologically
constructed. Sometimes the root is in the
middle of the word or at the end of the
word. This will change the structure of the
tree.

Let’s try
unwholesome
step 1 – divide the word

un-whole-some
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step 2 – extract the words

unwholesome
 wholesome
 whole (root)
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step 3 – analyse the grammar

unwholesome (A)
 wholesome (A)
 whole (root) (A)
49
step 4 – start from the root
A
un – whole - some
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step 5 – add the next category
A
A
un – whole - some
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step 6 – add the next category
A
A
A
un–whole - some
52
Draw tree diagrams for the
following words

rul-er-ship

under-develop-ed

over-achiev-er

operat-ion-al

in-dispens-able