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Vocabulary Essentials
What Every Reader Needs to Know…
“Vocabulary is the engine that drives
comprehension.”
Linda Hoyt
North Carolina Reading Conference
2009 Presentation
Kelli
Studies show…4 year olds
Social Class
Words Heard
Professional Family
45 million
Working Class
26 million
Welfare
13 Million
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Did You Know?
• If students do not
understand 5% of the
words, they will have
difficulty comprehending
the text if they
comprehend at all.
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EOG Samples
– (sentence in context) In which of the
following sentences is the word ____ used the
same way as in the sentence above?
– (sentence in context) Which of the following
definitions of _____ applies to this sentence?
– In paragraph x, why are some words written in
parenthesis?
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• What word from the selection best
describes the list below?
A
B
C
D
•
Read
•
Ask questions
•
Take notes
research
biography
operations
incidents
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Research says...
• Students must encounter words in
context 6 -10 times for long-term
retention.
• Students do not learn vocabulary
through worksheets such as word
searches and or by looking up words
in the dictionary.
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Research also says…
Students develop vocabulary through:
wide reading
– reading a lot
– reading different
types of texts
– helps most with
general
vocabulary
knowledge
– Read Alouds and
Independent
Reading
explicit vocabulary
instruction
– focusing on specific
words and their
meanings
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Effective Vocabulary
Instruction…
• Encourages multiple ways of thinking
(visual, verbal, written, kinesthetic)
• Uses student-friendly explanations,
not definitions
• Actively involves students
• Facilitates TALK about words
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Effective Vocabulary
Instruction…
• Provides multiple exposures to words
• Teaches independent word-learning
strategies
• Makes connections between and
among words
• Focuses on fewer words in more
depth (5-10 per week)
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Develop Word Consciousness
-An awareness of and interest in
words and their meanings
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A
B
battery
C
D
E
electricity
circuit
connection
closed
complex
current
F
frequency
flow
G
gas
H
I
J
K
L
light switch
light bulb
M
N
O
output device
open
P
parallel
power device
Q
R
resistance
S
source
simple
series
T
U
V
W
wire
X
Y/Z
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Types of Vocabulary
Listening
Reading
Speaking
Writing
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Vocabulary Knowledge Rating
Target
Word
I’m
clueless!
I’ve heard
of it.
I think I
know it.
I can define it!
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powerlessness
huelga
suspicious
fiesta
erupted
shimmering
adobe
coaxing
cautioned
nonviolence
unveiled
sacred
vanished
battered
exhilarated
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Which Words?
Tier 1
Basic
Words
clock baby happy
Tier 2
High frequency words for
mature language users
coincidence
forlorn
industrious
Tier 3
Low Frequency/Specific Domain
isotope
lathe
peninsula
photosynthesis
Beck and McKeown
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Which words?
• Tier 2 Words
• Academic Vocabulary – Marzano
– Subject specific terms
– Build academic background knowledge
• EOG Words
How Many Words?
• 20-50 per subject (M, R, SS, Sc)
• Cover others as needed
• Around 200-400 words per year
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Process for Identifying Words
• Pull words from the SCoS.
• Cross Reference to Bloom’s/Marzano’s lists.
• Consult other resources.
– Textbooks
– DPI Documents (esp. math)
– EOG list of terms
• Narrow each subject area to no more than
20-50 terms. Categorize as critical, useful,
and interesting.
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Monitoring Students’ Progress:
Vocabulary Knowledge
• Students know words to varying
degrees
• Three levels of word knowledge:
Established
Acquainted
Unknown
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Marzano’s 6 Step Process for
Teaching New Words
1. Teacher provides a description,
explanation or example.
2. Students restate #1 in their own
words.
3. Students construct a picture,
symbol or graphic representation of
the term.
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Six Step process…
4. Teacher engages students in
activities that help them add to
their knowledge of the terms in
their notebooks.
5. Periodically, students discuss the
terms with each other.
6. Students play games for review.
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Vocabulary Notebooks
Term: analyze My Understanding:
1 2 3 4
Describe:___________
to break apart…look at
closely______________________________
____________________________________
Draw:
Connections:
Analyze a math
problem/car
problem
Analyze data
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K. I. D. Vocabulary
Key Word
Important Info.
Draw to
remember
Use the word in a sentence…Be careful not to
change the meaning.
Linda Hoyt
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Frayer Model/Four Square
Definition
Not made up-real
Not fictional
Characteristics
True, informational, facts,
graphs, subheadings,
diagrams,photos, real
people/real events
Non-fiction
What are examples?
What are nonexamples?
Titanic
Junie B Jones
SC/SS Textbooks
Diary of a Worm
novels
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small
tiny
John made a
colossal
mistake on
his exam.
large
is not
colossal
miniscule
Example
Michael Jordan
Non-Example
Mugsy Boggs
gigantic
enormous
Example
Mount Mitchell
Non-Example
Caraway Mtn.
Example
Mansion
Non-Example
My House
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Degrees of Meaning
• Select a word that has varying
degrees of meaning. (mad)
• Brainstorm or give students related
words. (livid, angry, mad, upset,
annoyed)
• Students order the words from least
meaning to the strongest meaning.
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Teaching Independent
Word-Learning Strategies
Model and help students learn . . .
• how to determine the meaning of
words based on their context
• how to look up unknown words
• how to read and understand a
dictionary entry
• how to recognize and use
information about word parts to
determine meaning
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Teach Word Parts
 4 prefixes (un-, re-, in-, dis-) account
for 58% of all words with prefixes.
 3 suffixes (s/es, ed, ing) account for
77% of words with suffixes.
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unison
quadrilateral binoculars
tripod
unicycle
triangle
biathlon
triplets
monk
triad
quadrant
unicorn
monotone
bicycle
monastery
pentaceratops monotone
bifocals
quadruple
monopoly
pentathlon
tricep
tricycle
quadruplets
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Review Activities and Games
Free Association
Comparing Terms
Classifying Terms
Solving Analogies
Creating Metaphors
What is the question?
Draw Me
Vocabulary Charades
Name That Category
Talk a Mile a Minute Vocabulary
Jeopardy
Card Games
Bingo
Web Games
Marzano and others
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Websites for Vocabulary
• QUIA – Rags to riches
– www.quia.com/rr/37717.html
• Learn basic words from 189 topics and play games-matching,
hangman, quizzes, word searches, crossword puzzles
– http://www.vocabulary.co.il/
• ESL vocabulary Games
– http://www.eslflow.com/games1.html
• Tier 2 words? Curious, stampede – Definition given-swing to correct
answer
– http://www.fekids.com/kln/games/wordjungle/
• PBS site – word play – word pronounced and demonstrated
– http://pbskids.org/lions/games/wordplay2.html
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Remember . . .
The difference between the
almost right word and the
right word is really a larger
matter- “tis the difference
between lightning and a
lightning bug.” -Mark Twain
Free powerpoint template: www.brainybetty.com
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Primary Resources
• Building Academic Vocabulary by
Robert Marzano (ASCD)
• Bringing Words to Life by Isabel
Beck, Margaret McKeown, and
Linda Kucan
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