Transcript Library of Congress Lesson 6 - Georgia Institute of Technology

Whole-Word Contractions for:

child, shall, this, which, out, still
Part-Word Contractions for:

ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st
Ordinal Numbers
Whole-word meaning
child
 shall
 this
 which
 out
 still

Part-word meaning/
when connected to other letters
ch
 sh
 th
 wh
 ou
 st

LOC 5.1
Module 18
The contractions which will
be introduced in this module
are used as whole-words.
child * shall %
which : out \
this ?
still /
LOC 5.2
Whole-word meaning
 When they stand alone.
or
 When they are preceded
or followed by a hyphen
in a compound word.
or
 When they are followed
by an apostrophe.
Part–word meaning
 They stand only for the
letters they represent.
When to use with an
Apostrophe
When not to use with an
Apostrophe
child’s
 this”ll
still’s
 which”ll
LOC 5.2a
These whole-word contractions
are joined to other words by the
hyphen to form hyphenated
compound words, whether such
words are written on one line or
divided between lines.
LOC 5.2b
Hyphenated compound words
 still-life
/-LIFE

out-andout lie
\-&-

child-of
the-dawn
*-(-
!-DAWN
\ LIE
Hyphenated compound words
These signs are used to represent
proper names:
(Still), Morris (and) Associates
,/1 ,MORRIS & ,ASSOCIATES
LOC 5.2c
As proper names
The contractions which will be
introduced in this module are
used as part-word contractions.
Part-word contractions for:
ch *
ou \
wh :
th ?
sh %
st /
Part-word contractions
In general, these signs are used as
part-word contractions
whenever the letters they
represent occur within a word,
even if they overlap a minor
syllable division as we learned in
Lesson 4, 4.5b(2).
LOC 5.3
Part-word contractions
 The sign for ch is used in:
 The sign for wh is used in:
Chicago
what
scratch
whale
 The sign for sh is used in:
 The sign for ou is used in:
shoe
coupon
hush
proud
 The sign for th is used in:
four
thorn
filth
Part-word contractions
If these contractions are joined to other
letters they take on their part-word
meaning and lose their whole-word
status. This applies even if the word is
divided between lines.
grandchild GR&*ILD
grand- GR&child
*ILD
outside
outside
\TSIDE
\TSIDE
Part-word contractions
The contractions can not be used where
part of the letters fall into a prefix and the
rest fall into a base or root word.
1. Can you use the sign for ou in prounion?
2. Can you use the sign for sh in mishap or
mishandle?
3. Can you use the sign for st in mistake or
mistrust?
LOC 5.3a
Prefixes
Answers: We cannot use these
contractions because of syllable
division.
(The asterisk represents the syllable division.)
1. pro ‫ ٭‬union
2. mis ‫ ٭‬hap
3. mis ‫ ٭‬take
mis ‫ ٭‬han ‫ ٭‬dle
mis ‫ ٭‬trust
LOC 5.3a
Prefixes
Should you use the part-word contractions in the
following words:
sh in dachshund
wh in rawhide
th in porthole
st in crosstrees
NO!
WHY?
They are not used where they fall partly into one
component of a solid compound word and partly into
another.
sh in dachshund
wh in rawhide
th in porthole
st in crosstrees
LOC 5.3b
Solid (Unhyphenated) compound words
As we learned earlier if we have a choice between two
contractions, which one do we use?
Answer: The one that uses the least amount of space is
usually preferred.
Examples: Use the the contraction not the th contraction
in the following words.
Theory
Mathematics
Theology
LOC 5.3c
Contraction preference
Should the sh contraction be used to
mean an admonition to silence?
NO!
WHY?
Because sh bears its whole-word
meaning shall when standing alone.
LOC 5.3d
Part-word contraction sh
Is the contraction sh used when
additional letters are added such as:
Shhhh!
Answer: Yes!
LOC 5.3d
Part-word contraction sh
When in print the words
Street and Saint
are abbreviated St.
(with a period) they
should be
abbreviated in braille and the
contraction st is used.
LOC 5.3e
Part-word contraction st.
When in print the words
Street and Saint
are abbreviated St
(without a period), the letters,
not the contractions,
are used because the
contraction standing along
would be read as
Still.
LOC 5.3e
Part-word contraction st.
When in print the words
Street and Saint
are not abbreviated
and are spelled out
fully, follow print copy.
LOC 5.3e
Part-word contraction st.
Do not use the whole-word contractions
for: child, shall, this, which, out and still
when they are in contact with a slash.
However, you may use the part-word
contractions for ch, sh, th, wh, ou, and st
when they are in direct contact with a slash.
LOC 5.4
With Slashes
{VII.28.e(6)(b)}
The contractions for st and th
should be
used when writing
ordinal numbers such as:
1st or 1st #A/
4th or 4th
#D?
LOC 5.5
Ordinal Numbers
{VII.29} [diff.]
Occasionally they are represented by
adding only the letter d to the number.
In such cases the letter n or r should be
inserted.
2d should be brailled as 2nd
3d should be brailled as 3rd
LOC 5.5
Ordinal Numbers
{VII.29} [diff.]
Dot formation 34
St has the whole-word meaning still regardless
of it definition:
 Lie still, still-life, liquor still
 Postillion: po(st)illion is written as indicated
 Instilled: (in)(st)ill(ed) is written as indicated
 Contraction st yields to syllabication when a
word must be divided at the end of a line:
cry(st)al is divided crys-tal, between the s and t.
The contraction for st is not used when the first syllable is
the prefix mis and second syllable is a word (or part of a
word) which retains its original meaning:
mis ‫ ٭‬trial
In the word mis ‫ ٭‬tru(st) note that the st is contracted in
the last syllable.
st is not used in compound words such as:
cross ‫ ٭‬t(ow)n.
st may be used to represent proper nouns as:
Hotel (St)illwat(er)
Should the contraction st be used when it is followed by a
period in the abbreviations for Saint and Street, such as:
Wall (St).
(St). Luke
YES!
WHY?
Because the context will make it clear to the reader that
the contraction does not have its usual whole-word
meaning.
When transcribing, copy ink print exactly.
Whole-word contractions
and
Part-word contractions
Lesson 5
The contraction for st is used with
numbers:
21st is written: number sign 21(st).
There is no space between the 21 and
st contraction, as shown below.
#BA/
ch, sh, th, wh
Braille Pattern
Dot formation 1256
The contraction for the letters ou have the
whole-word meaning out.
When the letters out are part of a word, the
contraction for ou and the letter t must be used.
Words such as b(ou)t and (ou)tside are written
as indicated.
Remember: If a word containing a whole
word which has its own contraction must
be divided at the end of a line, you write the
parts as you would the whole.
(ou)tlive
\TLIVE
(with)(ou)t
)\T
Reminder: In dialect the whole-word
contractions may not be used and therefore
d’y(ou) (meaning do you), must be written
as indicated.
Dot formation 156
The contraction for the letters wh have the
whole-word meaning which.
When the letters wh are part of a word such
as (wh)ale and (wh)atever they are written as
indicated.
Should you use the wh in the word rawhide?
NO!
WHY?
Because rawhide is a compound word (two root
words written as one).
raw/hide
Dot formation 1456
The contraction for the letters th have the
whole-word meaning this.
When the letters th are part of a word such
as (th)i(st)le and (th)orn they are written as
indicated.
Should the contractions for th be used in words like:
shorthand
foothills
portholes
NO!
WHY?
They are compound words (two root words written as one).
(sh)ort/h(and)
foot/hills
port/holes
Remember: The the contraction the takes
precedence.
nor(th)
nor(the)rn
ba(th)
ba(the)d
Correct syllabication must always be upheld.
When brotherly must be divided at the end of a
line:
bro(the)r-ly
bro(th)-(er)ly
BRO!RBRO?LY
]LY
The contraction th is used with
numbers.
56th is written: number sign 56(th).
Remember: There is no space between
the 56 and th sign, as shown below.
#EF?
Dot formation 146
The contraction for the letters sh have the
whole-word meaning shall.
When the letters sh are part of a word such
as (sh)oe and hu(sh) they are written as
indicated.
Should the sh contraction be used in words such as:
mishandle
mishap
NO!
WHY?
It would result in the pronunciation to be incorrect and the
prefix is followed by a word or part of a word in its own
right.
mis/h(and)le
mis/hap
Sh meaning hush or to be quite
MUST BE WRITTEN OUT!!!
Dot formation 16
The contraction for the letters ch have the
whole-word meaning child.
When the letters ch are part of a word
such as (Ch)icago, scrat(ch), and
(ch)ildhood they are written as indicated.
Reminder: childhood is written as indicated
and if it must be divided at the end of a line
it is divided:
(ch)ild-hood
*ILDHOOD
Thank you
for your time.
Study hard and
learn the LOC rules.
THE END