Transcript Document

Общеевропейские уровни языковой
компетенции и подготовка к
международным экзаменам
Cambridge Main Suite:
Key English Test (KET)
A2
Preliminary English Test (PET)
B1
First Certificate in English (FCE)
B2
Certificate in Advanced English
C1
(CAE)
Certificate of Proficiency in English C2
(CPE)
How long from FCE to CAE?
CEFR: Assessment of competencies.
Can-do statements
www.coe.int
1 000 000 000
Cambridge
International Corpus
Written Corpus
Spoken Corpus
Learner Corpus
Cambridge International Corpus:
What are the implications for teaching,
learning and testing English?
1. Teach and test Real English
2. Teach and test Real Grammar/Vocabulary
3. Teach and test Real communication
Top 1000 words account for:
84.3
82.3
75.6
73.5
% of conversation
% words in fiction
% words in newspapers
% words in academic texts
Learning Vocabulary in Another Language – I.S.P Nation (2001)
How does the Cambridge Learner
Corpus help us to understand
changing student profiles?
It permits analysis of errors according to
• candidate’s level
• candidate’s first language
• type of error e.g. grammar, lexis, collocation,
spelling etc.i.e. the language students are trying
to use and where they are having problems.
CLC shows that Russian candidates
encounter most serious problems in
WRITING
Suggest:
*suggested him to…
Recommend: I would *recommend to speak to the director
Other/Another: Compared with *another hotels…
These/Those:
-Do you want these glasses?
-No, I need those *ones
Common Russian errors: Spelling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
comfortable
clothes
restaurant
accommodation
loose / lose
rise / raise
economic / economical
Contrastive rhetoric (Connor, 1996)
FCE: Writing compositions
What have you
done wrong in
your composition?
FCE: Writing Reports
Some useful tips about your essays
(sentence level):
• Do not use short forms of verbs or abbreviations
• Use semiformal (neutral) style
• Avoid strong negative words (Nobody likes it, I
hate them.)
• Avoid assertive language, use hedges (Some
people believe/consider/argue that, It seems to
be…, It is believed that…, It is unlikely that… )
• Refer to your personal opinion when necessary (In
my opinion…, As for me.., To my mind…)
Some useful tips about your essays
(text level):
• Write an introduction and conclusion
• Write well-developed paragraphs: topic
sentence + support (arguments/examples)
• Use linking/transition words between
paragraphs (therefore, thus, nevertheless,
moreover, furthermore, on the one/other
hand, in conclusion, for example…)
• Use sequencing (First, Secondly, Thirdly,
Then, Next, Finally…)
Problems with reading skills
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Word attack skills: using context clues and using
structural information: antidisestablishmentarianism
Reading in meaningful units, not in isolated words.
Scanning (a date, a figure, a name, a word)
Skimming (general, overall idea of the whole text)
Prediction/anticipation
Recognizing organizational patterns (connectors)
Distinguishing general statements from specific details
Inference and conclusion
Evaluation and appreciation
Learn how to deal with difficult words
in a text
• The journey into town took less than ten minutes;
it was a quarter past three when Stella arrived in
Houghton Street. She picked up her blistable
radio, squarked from the taxi and ran to the door
in a flort. If had given herself time to think,
paused to thank the driver or to plinge her hair,
she might have run off in the opposite direction
and wasted her moment for ever.
Reading in meaningful units, not in
isolated words
• Reference words:
People who eat breakfast trend to be
slimmer than THOSE who won’t have IT.
Perhaps THIS is because if you miss food
early in the day, IT leads to mid-morning
’snacking’
Anticipation:
Look at the headline and choose the sentence that
best describes the possible contents of the article:
THINK BEFORE YOU JOG…..
(a) The pleasures of jogging
(b) Statistics about the number of joggers
(c) The dangers of jogging
(d) The popularity of jogging in the USA
Read faster.
You are in a second-hand bookshop, looking
at old books. Some of them are in a rather
bad state and parts of the words on the
covers have disappeared. Can you tell what
the titles of the following books are?
• a) The dvent of Robinson Cr oe.
• b) The M tery o the ol cast.
• c)
to bui your own hou
• d) A ew Engl Gram
Teach how to avoid common errors
and how to use testing strategies
Exclusive right to publish Exam Papers
www.cambridge.org/elt/exams
•www.cambridge.org/elt/ru
Thank you