Transcript integumentary system

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Structure and Function
• Integumentary system is composed of
the skin and accessory structures
• Functions of the integumentary system
– Protects the other body systems from
injury and infection
– Helps the body maintain homeostasis by
regulating temperature, retaining body
fluids, and eliminating wastes
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Figure 9-1 Skin Structures
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Skin
• The largest organ of the body
• Varies in thickness from 1/50 inch (0.5 mm)
in the eyelids to 1/4 inch (6.3 mm) in the
soles of the feet
• Changes in the skin often indicate the
presence of other body system disorders
including anemia, respiratory disorders, liver
disorders, cancer, and shock
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Abnormal Colors of the Skin
• Erythema: reddish; burns or blood vessel
congestion
• Jaundice: yellowish; liver or gallbladder
disease
• Cyanosis: bluish; insufficient oxygen
Layers of Skin
• Epidermis
– Outermost layer of the skin that is composed of
a surface of dead cells with an underlying layer
of living cells; avascular, no nerves, etc.
• Dermis
– Called the “true” skin; the dermis contains the
blood vessels and nerves, connective tissue
• Subcutaneous/ Hypodermis
– Fat containing; joins skin to muscle
How many skin cells do we shed daily?
Between 30,000 and 40,000 of them fall off every hour. Over
a 24-hour period, you lose almost a million skin cells
[source: Boston Globe].
Where do they all go?
The dust that collects on your tables, TV, windowsills and on
those picture frames that are so hard to get clean is made
mostly from dead human skin cells. In other words, your
house is filled with former bits of yourself. In one year, you'll
shed more than 8-10 pounds (3.6 kilograms) of dead skin. It
gets even grosser: Your house is also filled with trillions of
microscopic life forms called dust mites that eat your old
dead skin.
Burn Victim
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Our Skin Video
Hair and Hair Follicles
• Skin has hair in all areas except the soles of
the feet and palms of the hands
• Hair serves to block foreign particles from
entering the body through structures such as
the nose and eyes
• The visible portion is called the shaft
• The hair follicle is the root with its covering
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Hair and Hair Follicles
• Hair growth is similar to the epidermal cell growth
• Deep lying cells in the root move forward through
the shaft
• Melanocytes located at the root give it pigment
(black cells)
• Hormone production decreases as we age, therefor
hair turns gray/ transparent
Look up:
What muscle aids in goose bumps?
Nails
•
•
•
•
Hard keratin plates
Grow approx. 1mm a week
May regrow completely in 3-5 months
Toenails grow slower than fingernails
Glands
• Three types of glands in the skin
– Sebaceous glands (oil)
– Sudoriferous glands (sweat)
– Ceruminous glands (wax)
• Function is to help regulate the body
temperature and excrete body wastes
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Sebaceous Glands
•
•
•
•
•
Produces oily secretion called sebum
Carried by ducts and secreted through pores
Lubricates the skin
Associated with hair follicles
Influenced by sex hormones
– Over active at puberty (what does this do?)
– Under active at old age (what does this do?)
Sudoriferous Glands
• Coiled glands
• Produces sweat
–
–
–
–
–
Helps cool body
Carried by ducts and excreted through pores
Almost pure water, less 1% is salt, wastes, etc
Colorless and odorless
The odor comes from sweat mixed with bacteria on the
skin
Sebaceous
Cutane/o
Dermis
Cyanotic
Arrector Pili
Lip/o
Necrotic
Hypodermis
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Hair
follicle
Subcutaneous
Pil/o
Adip/o
Cyanotic
Sudoriferous
histology
Erythem/o
Aut/o
Avascular
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Disorders/ Conditions of the
Integumentary System
• Acne vulgaris
– Caused by increased secretion of oil related to
increased hormones during puberty
• Albinism
– Inherited disorder in which melanin is not produced
- eyes are red due to lack of pigment so see blood vessels
• Alopecia
– hair loss
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Conditions/ Disorders of the
Integumentary System
(continued)
• Cleft lip or cleft palate
– Upper lip has a cleft where the nasal palate doesn’t
meet properly
• Contact dermatitis
– Allergic reaction that may occur after initial contact
or as an acquired response
• Cyst
– Small sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid fluid
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Conditions/ Disorders of the
Integumentary System
(continued)
• Dandruff
– White flakes of dead skin cells from the scalp
• Decubitus ulcers
– Bed Sores or areas of inflammation that occur over
bony prominences of the body
• Ecchymosis
– Bruise, hemorrhaging into the skin
• Eczema
– Group of disorders caused by allergic or irritant
reactions
Conditions/ Disorders of the
Integumentary System
(continued)
• Furuncle
– Boil, or bacterial infection of a hair follicle
• Impetigo
– Very contagious bacterial skin infection that
occurs most often in children
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
– Form of cancer that originates in blood vessels
and spreads to skin
• Keloid
– Thickened scar
Conditions/ Disorders of the
Integumentary System
(continued)
• Tinea
– Fungal skin infections that live on epidermis
• Athletes foot (pedis)
• Ringworm
• Jock Itch
• Gangrene
– Death of tissue associated with lack of blood supply
• Wheal
•
hives
Conditions/ Disorders of the
Integumentary System
(continued)
• Wart (verruca)
– Papule caused by a viral infection
• Psoriasis
– Chronic skin disorder in which too many epidermal
cells are produced
• Nevus
– Mole
• Hemangioma
• A cluster of blood vessels that make an abnormal benign
growth/ some are birthmarks
Gangrene
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Skin Injuries
• Excessive Skin exposure
– Sun Types
• Type
• Type
• Type
• Type
• Type
• Type
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
burns, never tans; fair SPF 30
burns, tans min, fair SPF 30/15
burns mod, tans grad, SPF 30/15/8
burns min, tans well, SPF 30/15/8
rarely burns, tans profusely, SPF 15/8
never burns, deep pigmented, SPF 8
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Skin Injuries
• Burns
– 1st Degree- no blisters, mainly epidermis
– 2nd Degree- blisters, epidermis & top layer
of dermis
– 3rd Degree- damaging all 3 layers, necrotic
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Skin Cancer
• Carcinoma
• Cancerous tumor
– Squamous cell: scalp and lower lip, rises from epidermis
– Basal cell: most common, face, starts at epidermis
• Malignant Melanoma
– Occurs in melanocytes
• Nevus- mole becomes dark
• Death 1:4
• Metastatic
• Sun or tanning bed
Strangest Medical Conditions Video
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures
• Skin biopsy
– Lesion is removed from the skin and sent to
patho lab for tests
• Skin Testing for Allergies
scratch test and intradermal test
• Debridement
removal of dirt, foreign materials
• Incisions & drainage
open a lesion and drain
Clinical Procedures
• Cryotherapy
– Destruction of tissue by freezing it with liquid
nitrogen
• Electrolysis
Destruction of tissue by electricity; used to remove
hair
• Liposuction
Surgical removal of fat from subcutaneous tissue
by suction
• Rhytidectomy
(facelift) removal of wrinkles
• Liposuction Video
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All
rights reserved.