Transcript Chapters 1-3 The Foundation of Medical Words

Introduction
Prefixes_and_Suffixes__A_Message_From_Dark_Marker.asf
Basics
• Most medical words are comprised of 3
sections
– Root
– Prefix
– Suffix
• To define a medical word you must:
– Divide the word into its sections
– Analyze each section
1. Prefix
• A prefix is the word Element placed at beginning of word root that
changes its meaning
• Normally deals with size, number, time, or direction
– Medical 1) “Poly”

Many- “Polyuria”
– Medical 2) “Hyper”

High, above, excessive- “hyperthyroidism”
– Medical 3) “Sub”

Below, under- “sublingual gland”
2. Word Root
• The word root is the heart or meaning of a
word
– Medical speech
• “gastro”=stomach (gastritis, gastroma, gastric)
• “osteo”=bone (“osteoma” “osteomegaly”)
3. Suffix
• The suffix is the word element at end of word
•
after the root that changes the meaning of the
word
Usually describes a pathology (i.e. disease)
– Medical English “itis”

Inflammation
– Medical “ectomy”

Removal
– Medical “oma”

Tumor/Cancer
– Medical “ia”

Condition
Origins of Medical Words
• The Ancient Greeks and Romans were the first to dissect and name
the parts of the body.
• The Romans spoke Latin.
• After the fall of Rome, Latin continued to be the language of
the educated until the modern time.
• For this reason, much of our medical terms originate from
Latin.
• General Rule
– Most diseases come from the Greek language:
 “pneumonia,” “encephalitis,” “hepatitis,” “
– Most anatomy comes from the Latin language
 “Vertebrae,” “Oral,” “Abdomen,” “Larynx”
Roots
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Most roots have an “o” to connect it to suffix, but not always.)
Liver “Hepato”
Heart “Cardio”
Brain “Encephalo”
Bone “Osteo”
Mouth “Oro”
Ear “Oto”
Throat “Pharyngo”
Vein “Phlebo”
Kidney “Nephro” “Reno”
Blood “Hemo”
Skull “Cranio”
Uterus/Womb “Hysto”
Ovaries “Oophoro”
Bladder “Cysto”
Gall bladder “Cholecysto”
Fallopian Tubes “Salpingo”
Rib “Costo”
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stomach “Gastro”
Chest “Thoraco”
Lung “Pulmano” “Pneumo”
Intestines “Entero”
Arm “Brachio”
Armpit “Axillo”
Eye “Ophthalmo”
Muscle “Myo”
Nerves “Neuro”
Skin “Dermo”
Nose “Rhino”
Breast “Mast”
Testicles “Orchido”
Joint “Arthro”
Penis “Phallo”
Spinal Cord “Myelo”
Mind “Psycho”
Urine “Uro”
Suffixes
• “itis”-inflammation
• “oma”- cancerous tumor
• “ectomy”-removal
• “pathy”- disease
• “plasty”-surgical repair
• “ “plegia” – paralysis
– tonsillitis
– tonsillectomy
– rhinoplasty
• “logy”- study of
•
– dermatology
“scopy”- study involving camera
–
bronchoscopy
–
Leukemia, uremia
–
uremia
–
cardiomegaly
• “emia” – blood condition
• “ia”- medical condition
• “megaly” – enlargening
–
hepatoma
–
encephalopathy
–
Quadriplegia
–
diarrhea
• “rrhea” – discharge/flow
• “algia” and “dynia”- pain
Common Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“hypo”-below, deficient
“hyper”- too much, excessive
“pre”- before
“post”- after
“infra” –under, below
“supra” above
“sub” –under below
“inter”- between
“retro” – behind, backward
“a”- no, lack of
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“bi” or “di”- two
“hemi”-half
“macro”- large
“micro” – small
“poly”- many
“endo”- inside
“peri” –outside, around
“circum”- around
“dys”- abnormal/diseased
“brady”- too slow
“tachy” -too fast
Medical Abbreviations
• Used to make patient charting easier and
shorter
• Originate from Latin
Common Abbreviations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
q.d. – every day
q.h.- every hour
b.i.d.- 2x/day
t.i.d.- 3x/day
q.i.d- 4X/DAY
n.p.o.-nothing by mouth
s- without
c- with
fx –fracture
sx- surgery
hx- history
dx- diagnosis
Vocabulary for Test
• Sycophant (n) – brown-noser, kiss-ass
• Ambivalent (adj) {(ambivalence (n)} –to have simultaneously conflicting
•
•
•
•
feelings about something
Touche- a word stated as a response to when someone makes a good
point.
Precocious (adj)- {precocity (n)}to be mature beyond your years
Coquette (n)- a flirt
Euphemism-(n)- a politically-correct term for an old term considered
offensive (e.g. “African-American” “Sanitation Engineer” “Little Person”
Group Activity
• Break into pairs
• Begin writing flashcards (1 or 2 terms per
card)
Group Assignment
• Groups no bigger than 4 persons
• Put a line b/t prefix, root, and suffix.
•
•
– Must have entire word correct for full credit
Group with most correct answers will receive 5 extra
points on Friday quiz.
You are competing with other groups, so
SHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!