Transcript Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology
The study of the human body probably began
in ancient times as man was concerned about
injuries and illnesses. As healers discovered
medicines and methods of treatment, they
began to understand how the body's parts
functioned.
Fig. 1. co
Over time, scientists believed
that they could understand the
natural forces that drove the
human body. With modern
technology and medicine,
medical providers have named
body parts and explained their
interactions and functions.
Anatomy is the branch of science that
deals with the structure (morphology) of
body parts, their forms, and how they are
organized.
Physiology is the study of the function of
body parts.
No single part of the body is isolated. In
order to entirely understand the function
of any body part, the researcher must
understand it's role in the whole
organism.
Fig. 1.02
The study of the human organism can be
subdivided into various levels of
organization:
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Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Cells
Organelles
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
Metabolism is the sum total of the body processes that break
down chemical substances to release energy and assimilate
chemical substances and store energy.
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Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
Excretion
In order to maintain metabolism and stay
alive, organisms require certain
environmental factors:
• Water - required in chemical reactions,
transportation, and as a coolant
• Foods - required in chemical reactions, as
building materials, and as an energy source
• Oxygen - required to release energy from foods
• Heat - controls the rate of chemical reactions
• Pressure - important in breathing
In order to stay alive, living
things must maintain a stable
internal environment. The
maintainence of this stable
internal environment is called
homeostasis.
Homeostatic mechanisms include:
• Receptors
• A set point
• Effectors
The homeostatic mechanism works
through negative feedback.
Fig. 1.07
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 2
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
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Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 3
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 4
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 5
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Effectors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Skin blood vessels dilate
and sweat glands secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 6
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors
Effectors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Skin blood vessels dilate
and sweat glands secrete.
Stimulus
Response
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Body heat is lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 7
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 8
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 9
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
and signals effector organs.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 10
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors send
signals to the control center.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
If body temperature
and signals effector organs.
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 11
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Effectors
Effectors
Thermoreceptors send
Skin blood vessels constrict and Muscle activity
signals to the control center. sweat glands remain inactive.
generates body heat.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
If body temperature
and signals effector organs.
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Slide number: 12
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus
Response
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Effectors
Effectors
Thermoreceptors send
Skin blood vessels constrict and Muscle activity
signals to the control center. sweat glands remain inactive.
generates body heat.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
If body temperature
and signals effector organs.
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The human body is subdivided into 2 main units:
• axial - head, neck, and trunk
• appendicular - upper and lower limb
systems
The body contains a number of
organ cavities:
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity: Mediastium
Pericardial cavity
Plueral cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Smaller cavities within the head include the: Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Fig. 1.08a
Fig. 1.08b
Fig. 1.09
The diaphram separates the
thoracic cavity and the
abdomenopelvic cavity.
Membranes lining the cavities may
be refered to as:
• Parietal - Forms a lining
• Visceral - Covers the organs
Parietal pleura - lines the pleural cavity
Visceral pleura - covers the lungs
Pleural cavity - found between the parietal and
visceral pleura
Parietal pericardium - lines the pericardial
cavity
Visceral pericardium - covers the heart
Pericardial cavity - found between the parietal
and visceral pericardium
Parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal
cavity
Visceral peritoneum - covers the digestive
organs
Peritoneal cavity - found between the parietal
and visceral pericardium
Fig. 1.10
The human body contains eleven well
organized systems:
integumentary system –
muscular system nervous system endocrine system cardiovascular system lymphatic system digestive system respiratory system urinary system reproductive system -
Anatomical position - Human
standing erect, face forward,
arms at side with palms
forward
Based on anatomical position, a number of
body regions can be described:
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Based on anatomical position, a
number of body regions can be
described by certain planes:
Sagittal - divides right and left
sections
Transverse - divides upper and
lower sections
Coronal - divides front and back
sections
The trunk can be divided into certain
regions:
Epigastric - upper midportion
Hypochondriac regions - lie on each side
of the epigastric region
Umbilical region - midregion of the trunk
Lumbar regions - lie on each side of the
umbilical region
Hypogastric region - lower midportion
Iliac regions - lie on each side of the
hypogastric region
The following studies deal with anatomy,
physiology, diseases, and disorders of the listed
systems.
Cardiology: Study of the heart and heart related
diseases.
Cytology: Study of the cell. Dermatology: Study of
the skin.
Endocrinology: Study of the hormone-secreting
glands.
Epidemiology: Study of the distribution of
contagious disease.
Gastroenterology: Study of the stomach and
intestines.
Geriatrics: Study of the aged.
Gynecology: Study of the female reproductive
system.
Hematology: Study of the blood.
Histology: Study of tissues.
Immunology: Study of the body's resistance to
disease.
Neonatology: Study of newborns.
Nephrology: Study of the kidneys. Neurology:
Study of the nervous system.
Obstetrics: Study of pregnancy and children.
Oncology: Study of cancer.
Opthalmology: Study of the eye.
Orthopedics: Study of the skeleton and muscles.
Orthopedics: Study of the skeleton and
muscles.
Pathology: Study of disease.
Pediatrics: Study of children.
Pharmacology: Study of drugs.
Podiatry: Study of the feet.
Psychiatry: Study of the mind.
Radiology: Study of X-Rays.
Toxicology: Study of poisons.
Urology: Study of the kidneys and the male
urinary system.