Dermatology Review
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Transcript Dermatology Review
Dermatology Review
QUICK Definitions:
Macule: flat circumscribed area distinguished from surrounding skin by color. i.e. freckles
Patch: same as macule but larger > 1cm in diameter.
Vesicle- fluid filled. Raised 5mm or less in diameter Example: blister – up to 1cm
Bulla- fluid filled same as vesicle but >5mm in diameter – greater than 1cm
Nodule- Elevated solid area 5mm or less across – btwn 0.5cm to 2cm in diameter [deeper into
the skin than a papule]
Papule- nodule elevated solid area >5mm across, usually dome shaped – up to 1cm in diameter
Plaque- elevated flat topped area usually >5mm across – greater than 1cm long
Wheal- transient. Pink or red raised area with central pallor. Shape and size vary. [i.e. hives or
mosquito's]
Additional defintions look at Intro to Derm ppt
In
Some Signs
the presence of lesions, the clinician induces a mild
trauma and more lesions form
Koebner Phenomenon
Pinpoint
bleeding following removal of a scale
Auspitz Sign
Slight rubbing causes seperation of the
skin layers [desqumation]
Nikolsky Sign
Rub the lesion and it will lead to wheal
Darier Sign
Putting a glass slide against the skin – blanching indicates that capillaries are intact [skin will
return to its normal color], nonblanching indicates that capillaries are broken [skin will
reappear red i.e. petechia or purpura]
Diascopy
This pathology is…
Characterized
by increased epidermal cell
proliferation.
Erythematous or salmon colored plaques
with distinct borders covered with silvery
white scales.
Affects extensor surfaces more than flexor
surfaces.
May have nail changes such as pitting,
thickening, or onycholysis.
Psoriasis
Etiology?
Triggers?
Genetic T-cell problem or environmental
Autoimmune disease
Remissions and exacerbations
T-cell mediated alternation in cellular kinetics of
keratinocyes short cell cycle leading to hyperkeratosis
Stress, Koebner
Phenomenon, and class I
topical steroids
There are two types of Psoriasis.
Two types of Psoriasis
Pustular Psoriasis
Painful,
deep, sterile yellow
pustules evolving into red macules
Guttate Psoriasis
Drop-like
lesions on trunk and limbs of
adolescents after strep throat
Treatment of Psoriasis
Hydrating creams
Mid-potency topical steroids
Tazarotene (Retinoid Creams)
Systemic Immunosuppressants
Coal Tar
Phototherapy
Complication???
Arthritis
Genetic
link to family and personal history
Aggravated
by sweat, food, wool, and
other stressors.
Erythematous
excoriated scaling
plaques and patches
It
is known as “the itch that
rashes”…
Chronic recurrent inflammatory
skin disease
IgE
mediated
Aka
Eczema
Infants
have weeping inflammatory patches
and crusted plaques on extensor surfaces
and the face mostly
Adults have dry, lichenified pruritic
rashes on the flexor surfaces
Well, did you get it yet?
Atopic Dermatitis
Oh yeah…
Treatment:
Eliminate
precipitating irritant
Topical steroids
Oral Antihistamines
Emollients
May
have secondary infection.
Cell
mediated reaction involving
sensitized T lymphocytes
Clear
vesicles on erythematous base
that follows exposure to chemicals
previously sensitized to
Pruritis,
scaling, papulovesicular
lesions present in area of exposure
Can be treated with topical
corticosteroids and wet dressings
soaked in Burrow’s solution changed
every 2-3 hours
Dx: Contact Dermatitis
Skin
rash that occurs in areas of high
sebaceous gland concentration such as
face, eyebrows, and nasolabial fold
Responsible
for thick yellow brown
greasy scaling on infants
Caused
by an immunologic response to
endogenous yeast Pityrosporum
•Adults with this experience burning,
pruritis, erythematous plaques with scaling
Treated with ketoconazole shampoo and
cream, salicylic acid, and corticosteroids
Dx: Seborrheic Dermatitis
Pruritic,
polygonal, purple, flat topped
papules covered with fine scales 4 P’s
Found
on flexor areas, shins, and mucous
membranes
Buccal
mucosa contain wickham striae
Lesions
resolve with hyperpigmentation
Treated
with corticosteroids, retinoid, oral
antihistamines and immunosuppressant
Dx: Lichen Planus
Etiology
suspected herpes virus
infection HHV7
Eruption
of many smaller scaling oval plaques
Herald
patch- single lesion 2-5 cm
precedes rash
Fades spontaneously 4-8 weeks
Treated
with antihistamines
Dx: Pityriasis Rosasia
Chronic
often asymptomatic superficial
fungal infection
Etiology:
M/C:
Round
malassezia furfur, pityrosporum
in hot humid environments
to oval macules patches on the trunk
Don’t
tan in sun exposed areas
Variable color white orange brown
Treated
with topical antifungals
Dx: Pityriasis Versicolor
•Risk Factors: Moisture, obesity, DM,
Immunosupressionn, Hx of antibiotic use
•Pruritic, painful, vulvovaginitis with adherent
white plaques to genitalia
•Oral thrush- white plaques adhere to
erythematous buccal mucosa tongue
•Tx: Topical or oral antifungals
Diagnosis: Candidia
•Wingless 6 legged insect spread by direct fomites
•
Can occur on the head, body or pubic area
Dx: Lice
Tx: pyrethrin, permethrin or
lindane (only for unresponsive)
•Infestation spread by direct sexual contact
•Major distribution: papules and pruritis
with burrows in finger webs wrists
elbows buttocks genitalia ankles
Tx: Permetherin
Dx: Scabies
•Chronic recurrent inflammatory conditions
wherein hair follicles and apocrine gland ducts
are occluded and become secondarily infected
Risk
Factors: Obesity, DM, Smoking,
Genetic and Hormonal associations
Pain, odor & drainage of the axilla & groin
•Double open comedones: papules and pustules
Abscesses and sinus tract formation
Dx: Hidrandenitis Suppurativa
Tx: Topical and systemic antibiotics
(clindamycin tetracyclin) intralesional
steroids isotretinoin surgery
IgG produced against proteins in the skin & mucu
membranes:
**leads to acantholysis & intraepidermal bulla***
•Presents with recurrent painful and oral mucosa:
***Flaccid blisters or bulla - residual erosions***
Hyperpigmentation
Positive nikolsky's sign
Dx biopsy of tissue with immunofluoresence
•TX may be treated in burn unit or ICU
***Iv fluids, electrolyte balance,
wound care***
Pemphigus Vulagaris
IgG produced against antigens in the dermal
epidermal basement membrane:
***leading to subepidermal tense bulla***
•Lesions begin as pruritic hives
Dx biopsy of tissue with immunofluoresence
Bullous Pemphigoid
Self limited viral infections of the skin affecting
children and sexually active adults
Etiology: pox virus (MCV)
•Dome shaped umbilicated pearly papules
TX: resolve spontaneously in 9-12 months
cryotherapy curettage
Molluscum Contagiousum
Etiology: abnormal follicular keratinization
increased sebum
Affects face neck chest and back
Tx topical salicylic acid retinoids benzoyl peroxide
-Topical antibiotic (clindamycin)
Acne
•Etiology: suspected fungal or mite component
Easy and recurrent flushing
Tx: avoid triggers, topical antibiotics
Rosacea
•Skin disorder resulting from an allergic reaction
•Associated with HSV, mycoplasma, drugs
•Multiple confluent target-like papules &
vesicles on the center
•Classic iris or target shaped lesions symmetrically
distributed on Palms and soles
Dx: Eryhtema Multiforme
•Involves mucous membranes especially manifested
by erosive lip lesions and conjunctivitis
Dx: Erythema Multiforme Major
•Doesn’t involve mucous membranes
Dx: Erythema Multiforme Minor
Tx: Antipyretics, antihistamines, analgesics, topical steroids
•Usually preceded by a prodrome of a
respiratory illness
•Spectrum of mucocutaneous drug induced or
idiopathic rxn involving @ least 2 mucosal surfaces
•Varied extent of skin involvement b/w 10-30%
•Starts with red macules
bulla
necrosis
desquamation
Dx: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)
•Extensive keratinocyte death with separation of la
•Erythematous, dusky or purpuric macules of
irregular shape and size
Coalescence
full thickness necrosis w/ gray hue
epidermis detaches
Easily broken blisters
desquamation reveals raw bleeding dermis
•Involves greater than 30% skin surfaces
•Positive Nikolsky sign
Dx: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysys (TEN)
Tx for SJS/TEN: remove offending drug, supportiv
opthalmic consultBurn unit wound care
•Arises in skin exposed areas,
associated with chronic UV damage
•Metastasis and death is rare
•Pearly papule rolled border with
fine telangiectasia
•Rodent Ulcers
•Most common form of
skin cancer
Dx: Basal Cell Carcinoma
Tx: Excision, cryosurgery
•Findings typical over sun-exposed areas such as t
ears, cheeks and bottom lip
•Associatied with chronic UV damage
immunosuppression
•Metastatic potential
•Predecessor lesion is actinic keratosis
•2nd Most common form of skin cancer
Dx: Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Tx: Excision and Cryotherapy
•Melanocyte derived skin caner
•Hyper-pigmented macule or plaque with ABCDE
characteristics (asymmetry, borders, color,
diameter, enlargement/elevation)
•Superficial Spreading – most common
malignant manifestation (60-70%)
•Precedent lesion – dysplastic nevi
•Dx: Melanoma
Tx: Excision, Radiation and Chemotherapy
SHOW US WHAT YOU GOT…
A 28 year old body builder presents to the emergency room with
clustered lesions surrounded by an erythematous base on his
chest and neck. Patient complains of pruritis and burning pain
which is made worse when he sweats and when he wears tight
clothing. Patient denies going into the hot tub.
Diagnosis?
Folliculitis
Most common etiology?
Staph. Aureus
If the patient did use the hot tub then what would the etiology be?
Pseudomonas
How would you treat?
Gentle
cleansing of the areas involved
Topical antibiotic (mupirocin)
WHAT ABOUT THIS?!
This is an acute, deep-seated, red, hot, tender nodule,
which evolves from a staphylococcal folliculitis
Commonly found on butt, thighs, axilla, face and neck
You see follicular pustules in hair bearing areas
Diagnosis?
Furuncle
Now if this weren’t treated and were to become a deeper
infection comprised of interconnecting abscesses usually arising
from several contiguous hair follicles.
Diagnosis?
Carbuncle
Etiology?
Staph
A.
TX:
Incision and drainage
Systemic antibiotics – Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin
A 35 year old woman with a PMHx of DM presents with
fever, chills and, malaise with pain and redness on her
medial thigh which is warm to the touch, after falling off
her motorcycle.
Diagnosis?
Cellulitis
Etiology?
Polymicrobal
TX:
•Unasyn
•Local wound care
•Oral cephalosporin
•Cloxacillin
Flesh colored hyperkeratotic firm papules
which disrupt the normal fingerprint lines
mainly found on the hands and feet.
Diagnosis?
Verruca
Etiology?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
TX:
•Cryotherapy
•Pare down the warts
A 7 year old girl presents with multiple isolated
lesions on her face. On physical exam you note
honey colored crusts around her nose and mouth.
Diagnosis?
Impetigo
Staph
Etiology?
A or Streptococci
TX of choice?
•Topical antibiotic (Mupirocin)
•Remove crusts with saline soaks
Cutaneous
intraepidermal viral infx
•Oncogenic
•Sexually Transmitted
•Cauliflower-like lesions
DX???
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM
ETIOLOGY?
HPV- HPV 16, 18, 31 (oncogenic)
Vaccine: gardisel
TX: cryotherapy** podophyllin
Common recurrent and self limiting
Sexually transmitted
Facial, non genital or genital presentation
Vesicular eruption
DX?
Herpes
Type 1 – primary infx, gingivostomatitis, fever,
malaise, local LAD lasts about 2 weeks
HSV-2: primary infections, vulvaginitis, penile or
perennial lesions, fever, local LAD lasts about 2
weeks
TX: acyclovir topical or oral prophylaxis
•
Acute self limiting dermatomal vesicular eruption
•Usually unilateral may involve adjacent dermatomes
•Erythema grouped vesicles pustules and crusts
Previous Hx of chicken pox
•Complications include: post-herpetic neuralgia,
ophthalmic disease, Ramsey-hunt syndrome
•Etiology: Varicella Zoster
oDX: Shingles
TX: oral acylovir,
prophylaxis
•Transmission human to human animal or soil contact
Risks: heat, humidity, sweating, occlusion, DM **occlusive
footwear
•annular lesions asymptomatic or pruritic
•Dermatophytes digest keratin- skin hair and nails
DX: Tinea…..tx: topical antifungals for tinea corporis cruris pedis
Systemic antifungals for tinea capitis= griseofulvin
•dermatophytes (microsporum, trichophyton, epidermphyon) or yeasts
Tinea capitis: alopecia with scale and inflammation
Tinea corporis: single or mutlti[le plaques scaling erythema
active borders central clearing
Tinea cruris: inner thighs and inguinal folds
Tinea pedis: interdigital dry or macerated 'moccasin'
Tinea manum: dryneess hyperkaratosis of palms 'one hand
two feet disease'
Tinea unguim: change of color in nail brittleness subungual
debris
DX: KOH prep, wood's lamp, fungal culture biopsy
ALMOST FINISHED…
This patient presents with velvety
hyperpigmented thickening in areas such as the
neck, axilla, and groin.
Acanthosis Nigracans
This patient presents with light hair, light eyes,
has to wear tinted glasses and can’t be in the
sunlight.
•Albinism
Closed spaced infection which usually occurs on
the fingertip and is associated with redness and
pain.
•Felon
•A large, single bulla with erythema and edema on the thumb of a
child; the bulla has ruptured only in the center and clear serum
exudes from it.
Bullous Impetigo
•Group A streptococcus
•Painful, shiny, erythematous, edematous plaques involving
eyelids, cheeks, and the nose of an elderly febrile male.
ERYSIPELAS
•On palpation the skin is hot and tender. Portal of entry was
conjunctivitis.
WHAT IS IT???
NECROTIZING FASCIITIS
•Multiple, pruritic, erythematous papules, vesicles
•"dewdrops on a rose petal"
VARICELLA VIRUS
Angioedema
HYMENOPTERA
Multiple, pruritic, urticaria-like
papules at sites
FLEAS
Lyme’s disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Erythema migrans
ONE more to go!
This is characterized by “exclamation point hair”
Alopecia
Areata
In androgenic alopecia how is the presentation of male
hair loss differ from that of females?
Males:
•frontal and temporal hair loss
Females:
Central
hair loss
How can this be treated?
Finasteride
and Minoxidil
You thought that was hard?! TRY THESE!!!
Which spider has the red hour glass?
Which spider has the violin-shape on its back?
where do we see the “caufe-au-lait” spots and the “button-hole
sign”?
Black
Widow
Brown-Recluse
•Neurofibromatosis
This is an autoimmune disease where there are no melanocytes
present.
•Vitiligo
This is an edematous plaque that erodes the nipple and areola.
Paget’s Disease
This patient has to undergo frequent endoscopy procedures because
of multiple polyps in his intestine. Patient also presents with dark
pigmentation around his lips. Diagnosis?
Peutz-Jeghers
Syndrome.
Too easy?! I guess, you are all just THAT smart… GOOD LUCK =)
REFERENCES
www.krugersalmightynotes.com
Compiled by: rachelle =)