Transcript Tinea pedis
Dermatophytes: Identifying prevention techniques and treatments for fungal skin infections Aaron Mills Bio 594-Mycology November 25, 2013 6:30 p.m. Agenda • Why we should be concerned • Simple prevention techniques • Advanced prevention techniques • Treatments • Potential for future research Why should we care? •Out of sight out of mind….Right? •Can be debilitating •Widespread globally and economically significant •Treatments are expensive! Prevention the Simple way •The best defense is offense. •Simple prevention methods •Keep skin as clean and dry as possible •Thoroughly wash hair and body with shampoo and soap •Keep toe and finger nails short •Change your underwear and socks! •Wear loose fitting clothing The types of socks worn is important More Simple Prevention •Be smart about footwear choices •Rotate shoes •Apply anti-fungal powders as precautions •No sharing •Sandals in communal areas Boiling water is the most effective method for prevention Advanced Prevention Methods Heavy Metals •Can be used at low concentrations (makes them safe) •Inactivate intercellular proteins • Silver is primary metal •Also use copper, zinc, and cobalt The Silver Ion Laundry Machine •Lowered fungal loads by 4 log10 CFU ml-1 with and without detergent •Spin cycle important step With Detergent Without Detergent Jung et. al 2007 Copper Lined Socks •Used to reduce fungal loads in patients •Potential preventative use •Moisture activated Gargiulo et al. 2012 Antimicrobial Clothing •Two types of agents •-static •–cidal •Antimicrobial clothing is a biocide •QAC- Quanternary ammonium compounds •PHMB- Polyhexamethylene Biguanides QAC PHMB Antimicrobial Clothing •Effectiveness •Clothing that these compounds are added to include: sportswear, socks, shoe liners, and lingerie •Concerns with antimicrobial fabric Hammer et al. 2012 Ozone Gas Two Treatment types: •Passive treatment •Effectiveness issues •Direct treatment with drying heat •Most effective treatment Gupta and Brintnell 2013 Ozone Gas •Potential heat resistance issue with with direct treatment •Issues with current technology Treatments •Treatment for existing infections involve applications of various antifungal creams and powders. •Tolnaftate, Clotrimazole, and Miconazole are some common active ingredients •Oral prescriptions can be given in severe cases •Effectiveness depends on the PATIENT •Precautions for people with infections •Cover infected areas •Change bed clothing and linens frequently •Dry infected area last The Future •Need to increase public awareness and sense of importance •Research to improve and refine preventative measures Summary •Dermatophytes are a common yet under appreciated fungal infection among the global populations •Simple preventative measures can help prevent infection and spread •Personal hygiene, drying shoes, changing socks, etc. •Advance prevention methods such as heavy metal treatments, antimicrobial clothing, and Ozone gas treatments are available •General treatments are in cream or powder forms with oral medication for severe cases •Future studies and research should focus on access and affordability of advanced treatments and increasing public awareness References •Achterman, R.R. & White, T.C. (2012). A foot in the door for dermatophyte research. PLOS pathogens, 8(3), 1-4. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete database. •Field, L.A. & Adams, B.B. (2008). Tinea pedis in athletes. International Journal of Dermatology, 47, 485-492. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete database. •Gao, Y. & Cranston, R. (2008). Recent advances in antimicrobial treatments of textiles. Textile Research Journal, 78(1), 60-72. doi:10.1177/0040417507082332 •Gargiulo, M.E., del Camen Elías, A. & Borkow, G. (2012). Analysis of the effect of wearing copper oxide impregnated socks on inea pedis base on “before and after” pictures- a statistical follow-up tool. The Open Biology Journal, 5, 17-22. . Retrieved from EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete database. •Gupta, A.K. & Brintnell, W.C. (2013). Sanitizaiton of contaminated footwear from onychomycosis patients using ozone gas: a novel adjunct therapy for treating onychomycosis and tinea pedis?. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 17(4), 243-249. Retrieved from EBSCOhose Academic Search Complete database. •Hammer, T.R., Mucha, M. & Hoefer D. (2012). Dermatophyte susceptibility varies towards antimicrobial textiles. Mycoses, 55, 344351. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02121.x •Jang, K.A., Chi, D.H., Choi, J.H., Sung, K.J., Moon, K.C. & Koh, J.K. (2000). Tinea pedis in Korean children. International Journal of Dermatology, 39, 25-27. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete database. • Jung, W.K, Kim, S.H, Koo, H.C., Shin, S., Kim, J.M., Park, Y.K., …, & Park, Y.H. (2007). Antifungal activity of the silver ion against contaminated fabric. Mycoses, 50, 265-269. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01372.x •Masri-Findling, G.D. (1996). Dermatophytosis of the feet. Cutaneous Mycology, 14(1),33- 40. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete database. •Neji, S., Makni, F., Cheikhrouhou, F., Sellami, A., Sellami, H., Marreckchi, S., …, & Ayadi, A. (2008). Epidemiology of dermatophytoses in Sfax, Tunisia. Mycoses, 52, 534-538. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01651.x •Sahin, I., Kaya, D., Parlak, A.H., Oksuz, S. & Behcet, M. (2005). Dermatphytoses in forestry workers and farmers. Mycoses, 48, 260-264. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete database. •Tostil, A., Hay, R. & Arenas-Guzmán, R. (2005). Patients at risk of onchomycosis- risk factor identification and active prevention. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 19, 13-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01282.x