Transcript Space Exploration

Space Exploration
Space exploration has allowed humans to
learn much about the workings of the solar
system, the composition of planets and
moons, and the effects of many types of solar
radiation on the Earth.
The moon is incredibly far away,
and years ago people could only
dream of traveling into space.
The problem was that no
machine could generate the force
needed to overcome Earth’s
gravity and reach outer space.
ROCKET
A rocket is a machine
that uses escaping gas to
move.
About 100 years ago, a
Russian high school teacher
named Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky proposed that
machines called “rockets”
could take people to outer
space.
A rocket is a machine that
uses escaping gas to move.
Although Tsiolkovsky proved scientifically that
rockets could reach outer space, he never built any
rockets himself. That was left to American physicist
Robert Goddard, who launched the first successful
liquid-fuel rocket in 1926 to an altitude of 41 feet.
Some of NASA’s rockets
Why must rockets launches be so
powerful? Why must the propulsion
of the launch be so great?
Why must rockets launches be so
powerful? Why must the propulsion
of the launch be so great?
ORBITAL
&
ESCAPE VELOCITY
Orbital & Escape Velocity
The gravitational
pull of the Earth is
the main factor
that a rocket must
overcome.
Rockets must
reach a certain
velocity, or speed
and direction, to
orbit or escape
Earth.
Orbital Velocity
For rockets to orbit Earth,
it must have enough thrust
to reach orbital velocity,
which is ….
Orbital Velocity
For rockets to orbit Earth,
it must have enough thrust
to reach orbital velocity,
which is ….
17,927 miles / hour
Orbital Velocity
For rockets to orbit Earth,
it must have enough thrust
to reach orbital velocity,
which is ….
17,927 miles / hour
** If the rocket goes any slower, it will fall back to Earth
Escape Velocity
For a rocket to travel
beyond Earth’s orbit – to
completely break away from
the planet’s gravitational
pull – it must achieve
ESCAPE velocity
which is…
Escape Velocity
For a rocket to travel
beyond Earth’s orbit – to
completely break away from
the planet’s gravitational
pull – it must achieve
ESCAPE velocity
24,606 miles / hour
The Birth of NASA
In 1957, The Soviet Union, (Russia-today),
successfully launched the world’s first satellite.
This panicked the US, and started The Space Race.
The Birth of NASA
We combined all of our space agencies to form
NASA on October 1, 1958
NASA stands for: National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
N.A.S.A
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The US government established NASA in 1958
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE
An artificial satellite is any human-made
object placed in orbit around a body in
space.
The first artificial satellite “Sputnik I” was launched
into space by the Soviet Union in 1957.
The United States successfully launched its first
satellite, Explorer 1, in 1958.
Satellite technology increased rapidly,
and by 1964, communication satellites
were able to send messages around
the world.
Today there are thousands of satellites orbiting the
earth, and more are launched every day.
SPACE SHUTTLE
A Space Shuttle
is a reusable
space vehicle
that takes off
like a rocket
and lands like
an airplane.
The first Space Shuttle “Columbia” was
launched by NASA in 1981
NASA’s Space Shuttle Program
NASA's space shuttle fleet began setting records
with its first launch on April 12, 1981 and
continued to set high marks of achievement and
endurance through 30 years of missions …..
… The final space shuttle mission, STS-135, ended
July 21, 2011 when Atlantis rolled to a stop at its
home port, NASA's Kennedy Space Center in
Florida.
Though the Space Shuttle Program has ended….
Exploration Continues ….
NASA is designing and building the capabilities to
send humans to explore the solar system,
working toward a long-term goal of landing
humans on Mars.
Exploration
We are developing the technologies we will need
for human exploration of the solar system,
including solar electric propulsion, refueling
depots in orbit, radiation protection and highreliability life support systems.
Aeronautics
NASA is researching ways to design and build
aircraft that are safer, more fuel-efficient, quieter,
and environmentally responsible. We are also
working to create traffic management systems
that are safer, more efficient and more flexible.
Science
NASA is conducting an unprecedented array of
missions that will seek new knowledge and
understanding of Earth, the solar system and the
universe. NASA has observatories in Earth orbit
and deep space, spacecraft visiting the moon and
other planetary bodies, and robotic landers,
rovers, and sample return missions.
SPACE PROBE
What does the surface of Mars look like? Does life
exist anywhere else in the solar system? To answer
questions like these, scientists send space probes to
explore the solar system.
A Space Probe is an un-crewed vehicle that carries
scientific instruments to planets or other bodies in
space. Unlike satellites which stay in Earth’s orbit,
space probes travel away from the earth.
SPACE PROBE
Space probes can be used on missions
that are too dangerous or long to
send humans.
SPACE
PROBE
Because Earth’s moon and the inner planets
are much closer than the other planets and
moons in the solar system, they were the first
to be explored by space probes.
Visiting the moon …… The Luna 10 Space Probe
Launched from Earth in 2011, the Juno spacecraft will arrive at Jupiter in
2016 to study the giant planet . Juno will repeatedly dive between the
planet and its intense belts of charged particle radiation, coming only
5,000 kilometers (about 3,000 miles) from the cloud tops at closest
approach.
SPACE PROBE
Mars Pathfinder Mission
The planets in the outer solar system are very
far away, and probes can take 10 years or more
to complete their mission.
Pioneer Probes 10 & 11 …. To Jupiter and Beyond!!!
SPACE PROBE
•In 1983, Pioneer 10 became the first probe to travel
past the orbit of Pluto.
•Voyager 2 was the first probe to fly by the 4 gas giants.
•The Galileo probe arrived at Jupiter in 1995, and
discovered that 2 of Jupiter’s moons have magnetic
fields.
TELESCOPE
In 1609, an astronomer named Galileo heard
about the invention of the spyglass, a device which
made distant objects appear closer. Galileo used
his mathematics knowledge and technical skills to
improve upon the spyglass and build a telescope.
TELESCOPE
Telescope: an optical instrument for making
distant objects appear larger and brighter by use
of a combination of lenses and curved mirrors.
Galileo became the first person to look at the Moon through a
telescope and make his first astronomy discovery. He found
that the Moon was not smooth, but mountainous and pitted just like the Earth! He subsequently used his newly invented
telescope to discover four of the moons circling Jupiter, to
study Saturn, to observe the phases of Venus, and to study
sunspots on the Sun.
Galileo's observations strengthened his belief in Copernicus'
theory that Earth and all other planets revolve around the
Sun. Most people in Galileo's time believed that the Earth was
the center of the universe and that the Sun and planets
revolved around it.
TELESCOPE
NASA has a fleet of telescopes that have
allowed us to learn more about our
universe.
Some of these include:
• The Hubble Telescope
• The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
• The Chandra X-ray Observatory
• The Spitizer Space Telescope
HUBBLE TELESCOPE
The Hubble Space Telescope was the first great
observatory launched by NASA in 1990.
Hubble faces toward space. It takes pictures of planets, stars
and galaxies. Hubble has seen the birth and death of stars. It
has seen galaxies that are billions of light years away. Hubble
has also seen comet pieces crash into the atmosphere above
Jupiter.
HUBBLE TELESCOPE
The atmosphere above
Earth changes and blocks
some of the light that
comes from space.
Hubble orbits high
enough above Earth to
avoid this problem.
Hubble sees space better
than telescopes on Earth.
HUBBLE TELESCOPE
The Hubble Telescope orbits Earth with a speed of 5
miles per second. Hubble makes a full orbit around the
Earth every 97 minutes.
HUBBLE TELESCOPE
• The size of the Hubble Space Telescope is
approximately as a large school bus.
• Hubble Space Telescope travels 241 million
kilometers yearly in the orbit around the Earth.
• Hubble has made more than 1 million
observations since 1990!
HUBBLE TELESCOPE
The Hubble Telescope allows scientists
to learn more about planet Earth and its
place in our solar system and universe.
COMPTON GAMMA RAY
OBSERVATORY
The Compton Gamma Ray
Observatory (CGRO) was
the second great
observatory launched by
NASA in 1991. It featured
four main telescopes in
one spacecraft, covering
X-rays and gamma rays.
The observatory operated
for 14 years until its
deorbit on June 4, 2000
CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY
The Chandra X-ray Observatory was the third
great observatory launched by NASA on July 23,
1999.
CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY
NASA’s Chandra X-ray
Observatory is a telescope
specially designed to detect
X-ray emission from very
hot regions of the Universe
such as exploded stars,
clusters of galaxies, and
matter around black holes.
The Chandra X-ray
Observatory is the world's
most powerful X-ray
telescope.
CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY
CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY
•The Chandra X-ray Observatory’s
operating orbit takes it 200-times
higher than the Hubble Space
Telescope.
•During each orbit of the Earth,
Chandra travels one-third of the
way to the Moon.
• Cost: US$1.65 billion
SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE
The Spitzer Space Telescope
(SST) is an infrared space
observatory launched in 2003. It
is the fourth and final of the
NASA Great Observatories
program.
The planned mission period was
to be 2.5 years until the
onboard liquid helium supply
was exhausted. This occurred
on 15 May 2009. Without liquid
helium to cool the telescope to
the very low temperatures
needed to operate, most of the
instruments are no longer
usable.
SPACE STATION
Space Station: a long-term orbiting
platform where scientists can work
in space.
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
An International Space Station was
built to allow space to be studied
continually.
The ISS was
launched in
1998
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
The ISS is a collaboration of 15 nations working
together to create a state-of-the-art orbiting research
facility. The Station is much more than a world-class
laboratory; it is an international human experiment.
Humans have:
• traveled to the moon
Humans have:
• traveled to the moon
• landed probes on Mars, Venus, comets,
and many other bodies in space
Humans have:
• traveled to the moon
• landed probes on Mars, Venus, comets,
and many other bodies in space
• sent probes speeding past Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune
Humans have:
• traveled to the moon
• landed probes on Mars, Venus, comets,
and many other bodies in space
• sent probes speeding past Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune