Transcript CH 17 PP (Scientific Revolution)

The Scientific Revolution
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The Scientific Revolution gave
Europeans a new way to view
humankind’s place in the universe.
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Background to the Revolution
1. Renaissance Humanists had mastered
Greek and Latin
2. Technical problems, dealing with weights
and measures stimulated scientific
activity
3. printing press spread new ideas quickly
People become curious about their world thanks to
the Renaissance, Reformation and Exploration.
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A Revolution in Astronomy
• New discoveries overturned ancient
concepts about the universe
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The solar system
Pluto
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Sun
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Sun
Planets
Asteroids
Comets
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Historical figures in the Copernican Revolution
Ptolemy – the geocentric model.
Copernicus – heliocentric model.
• Galileo – his observations by telescope verified the
heliocentric model.
• Kepler – laws of planetary motion (elliptical orbits).
• Newton – Laws of motion. Universal laws of gravity.
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Ptolemaic system
Geocentric –
Earth
centered
theory.
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Nicolaus Copernicus
The Earth moves, in two ways.
•It rotates on an axis
• It revolves around the sun
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HEAVEN
HELL
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The Copernican Model
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Galileo Galilei
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Galileo’s discoveries in Astronomy
•Galileo didn’t invent it
•Built it better
•1st to look at the heavenly bodies with it
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Craters and mountains on the moon
Four moons of Jupiter
Phases of Venus
The Milky Way consists of innumerable stars.
Sunspots move across the sun’s face.
All of these favored the Heliocentric model.
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Galileo’s sketch of the
moon as seen from his
telescope
A photograph of
the moon
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Galileo made many specific discoveries through his
observations.
The general implications…
● The planets are objects like the Earth –
● The planets travel around the sun.
● The Universe is a lot bigger than we can see
These ideas could be dangerous.
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The Trial of Galileo
His Church decided that the heliocentric model was a heresy.
But Galileo continued to argue in favor of the
theory, and published his reasoning. The Inquisition
in Rome accused him of heresy, and required him to
answer. Found guilty of “suspicion of heresy,”
Galileo recanted publicly. [A story, probably not
true, is that he muttered “Eppur si muove” – “And
yet, it does move.”]
He was put under arrest and sentenced to prison.
But because of his fame and age (70 years old at
that time) he was allowed to serve under house
arrest in Florence, for the remaining years of his
life.
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Is there a conflict between Science and Religion?
There is no major conflict today, but there have been
conflicts in the past, e.g. the trial of Galileo. Another
example is the conflict between Darwin’s theory of
evolution and the literal interpretation of the Book of
Genesis ().
 This latter conflict survives today in the
controversy about teaching Creationism in
public schools.
Pope John Paul II ordered a review of the trial of
Galileo. Did the Inquisition make mistakes? ().
(Speaking of Galileo’s judges in 1992) “This subjective
error of judgment, so clear to us today, led them to a
disciplinary measure from which Galileo had much to
suffer. These mistakes must be frankly recognized, as
you, Holy Father, have requested.”
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Johannes Kepler
(1571 – 1630)
Three empirical laws of planetary
motion in the heliocentric solar system
1. Each planet moves on an elliptical orbit.
2. Confirmed the sun was the center of universe.
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Kepler’s elliptical orbits
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Isaac Newton
Newton and the Apple
Newton asked good questions
 the key to his success
(The apple never fell on his head,
but sometimes a stupid person
will say that, trying to be funny.)
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Isaac Newton
Newton solved the premier scientific problem of
his time --- to explain the motion of the planets.
To explain the motion of the planets, Newton
developed three ideas:
F=
1. The laws of motion
2. Universal law of gravitation
1. Every object in the universe is attracted to
every other object by a force called gravity.
3. Calculus, a new branch of mathematics
F
a=
m
Gm1m2
r
2
“If I have been able to see farther than others it is
because I stood on the shoulders of giants.”
--- Newton’s letter to Robert Hooke
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What is the procedure for
collecting and analyzing
evidence called?
Scientific method
Who created it?
Hint: Think Breakfast meat
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Francis Bacon
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