Transcript The solar system

Earth Warm Up Ch. 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Does Mars have an atmosphere? If
so…what is it made of?
What is a major difference between the
Terrestrial planets and the Jovian
planets?
Which planet has caps of frozen Carbon
dioxide?
Explain the structure of Jupiter?
Name 4 of Jupiter’s moons?
Warm Up Ch. 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is Pluto and Mercury’s orbit
inclination?
The force of gravitation between 2
objects depends on what?
Why does Mercury have no
atmosphere?
Why is Venus so hot?
Why is it difficult to achieve nuclear
fusion except in the center of stars?
The Planets and
The Solar System
Chapter 27
Overview of the solar
system
Solar
system includes
Sun
• Nine planets and their satellites
• Asteroids
• Comets
• Meteoroids
•
The solar system
A
planet's orbit lies in an orbital plane
• Similar to a flat sheet of paper
• The orbital planes of the planets
are inclined
• Planes of seven planets lie within
3 degrees of the Sun's equator
• Mercury's is inclined 7 degrees
• Pluto's is inclined 17 degrees
Two
groups of planets occur
in the solar system
• Terrestrial (Earth-like)
planets
• Mercury through Mars
• Small, dense, rocky
• Low escape velocities
Two
groups of planets occur in the
solar system
• Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets
• Jupiter through Neptune
• Large, low density, gaseous
• Massive
• Thick atmospheres
• Pluto not included in either group
The planets
drawn to scale
Evolution of the planets
Nebular
hypothesis
• Our planets formed about 5 billion
years ago
• Solar system condensed from a
gaseous nebula
Evolution of the planets
Nebular
hypothesis
• Planets formed about 5 billion
years ago
• Solar system condensed from a
gaseous nebula
As the planets formed, the
materials that compose them
separated
Due
to their surface gravities,
Venus and Earth retained
atmospheric gases
Due to frigid temperatures, the
Jovian planets contain a high
percentage of ices
END OF LECTURE
Mercury
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Closest to the sun which makes its orbit
the shortest
1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days
1 Mercury day = 58 Earth days
Has no atmosphere because it has weak
gravity
- Day temps = 400+ degrees C
- Night temps = -200 degrees C
Its surface has craters and plains (due to
previous volcanic flow)
Photomosaic
of Mercury
Venus
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Second to the Moon in brilliance
Similar to Earth in
• Size, Density, and location
Shrouded in thick clouds
• Impenetrable by visible light
• Atmosphere is 97% carbon
dioxide
• Surface atmospheric pressure is
90 times that of Earth's
Computer generated view
of Venus
Mars
Called the "Red Planet"
• Atmosphere
• 1% as dense as Earth's
• Primarily carbon dioxide
• Polar caps of water ice,
covered by a thin layer of
frozen carbon dioxide
•
A picture of the Martian
landscape from the
Viking 1 lander
Mars
•
Surface
• Numerous large volcanoes –
largest is Mons Olympus
• Less-abundant impact craters
• Tectonically dead
• Several canyons
• Some larger than Grand
Canyon
Mons Olympus, an inactive
shield volcano on Mars
The Valles Marineris canyon
system on Mars
Mars
•
Moons
• Two moons
• Phobos
• Deimos
• Captured asteroids
c
Scale Model -Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and [the little gray
one] the moon
Jupiter
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•
Largest planet
• 2.5 more massive than combined
mass of the planets, satellites, and
asteroids
• If it had been ten times larger, it
would have been a small star
Rapid rotation
• Slightly less than 10 hours
• Slightly bulged equatorial region
END OF LECTURE
Artist’s view
of Jupiter
with the
Great Red
Spot visible
Infrared image of Jupiter
Jupiter
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Banded appearance
• Multicolored
• Bands are aligned parallel to
Jupiter's equator
• Generated by wind systems
Great Red Spot
• In planet's southern hemisphere
• Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic
storm
Jupiter
•
Structure
• Surface thought to be a gigantic
ocean of liquid hydrogen
• Halfway into the interior, pressure
causes liquid hydrogen to turn
into liquid metallic hydrogen
• Rocky and metallic material
probably exists in a central core
Jupiter
•
Moons
• At least 67 moons
• Four largest moons
• Discovered by Galileo
• Called Galilean satellites
• Callisto
– outermost
moon
• Europa – smallest moon
• Ganymede - largest
Jovian satellite
• Io - innermost Galilean
moon and is also
volcanically active
A volcanic
eruption on
Io
Saturn
Similar to Jupiter in its
• Atmosphere
• Composition
• Internal structure
• Rings
• Most prominent feature
• Discovered by Galileo in 1610
• Complex
•
Saturn
•
Rings
• Composed of small particles
(moonlets) that orbit the planet
• Most rings fall into one of two
categories based on particle
density
• Thought to be debris ejected
from moons
• Origin is still being debated
Saturn
•
Other features
• Dynamic atmosphere
• Large cyclonic storms similar to
Jupiter's Great Red Spot
• 67 named moons
– the largest Saturnian
moon
• Second largest moon (after
Jupiter's Ganymede) in the
solar system
• Has a substantial
atmosphere
• Titan
Uranus
Uranus and Neptune are nearly
twins
• Rotates "on its side"
• Rings
• 27 moons discovered so far
• Large moons have varied
terrains
•
Neptune
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Dynamic atmosphere
• One of the windiest places in the
solar system
• Great Dark Spot
13 satellites
Triton – largest Neptune moon
• Orbit is opposite direction
• Lowest surface temperature in the
solar system
(-391ºF)
Scale model --[from left, back row] Jupiter, Saturn,[middle row]:Uranus,
Neptune,and then the little ones in front row, from left:Earth, Venus, Mars,
Mercury and the moon
Pluto
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Not visible with the unaided eye
Discovered in 1930
Highly elongated orbit causes it to
occasionally travel inside the orbit of
Neptune, where it resided from
1979 thru February 1999
Moon (Charon) discovered in 1978
• Could be a double planet
Average temperature is -210ºC
Pluto and its moon Charon as
compared to the size of Earth
Minor members of the
solar system
 Asteroids
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Most lie between Mars and Jupiter
Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620
miles in diameter
Some have very eccentric orbits
Irregular shapes
Origin is uncertain
Portf
olio
#9
DUE TODAY
IS THIS THE
INSIDE OF
YOUR BRAIN
The orbits of most asteroids
lie between Mars and Jupiter
Image of asteroid 951
(Gaspra)
Minor members of the
solar system
 Comets
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Composition
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Frozen gases
Rocky and metallic materials
Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun
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•
Produces a glowing head called the coma
Some may develop a tail that points away from
Sun due to
• Radiation pressure and the
• Solar wind
Orientation of a comet’s tail
as it orbits the Sun
Minor members of the
solar system
 Comets
•
Origin
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Not well known
Form at great distance from the Sun
Most famous short-period comet is Halley's
comet
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76 year orbital period
Potato-shaped nucleus (16 km by 8 km)
Comet Hale-Bopp
Minor members of the
solar system
 Meteoroids
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Called meteors when they enter Earth's
atmosphere
A meteor shower occurs when Earth
encounters a swarm of meteoroids
associated with a comet's path
Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites
when they are found on Earth
Symphony of Science: Secret of the Sars
3:30
th
27
February
Friday Night
The moon and Venus are going
to be in conjunction (they will
be bright and really close)
SOLAR
SYSTEM
3/4 TODAY…
1.
Roll
2. Homework
3. DAILY

POWERPOINT NOTES
CORNELL NOTES
Review
TRIPLE WRITE
QUIZ
List the 8 Planets in order from the sun
4. PORTFOLIO
#7 DUE
5. Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes
6.
Tonight’s Homework

Section Review 26.1
page 576

Section Review 26.2
page 580

Chapter26 Review
page 584 - 585
3/5 TODAY…
1.
Roll
2. Homework
3. DAILY

TRIPLE WRITE
QUIZ
List the 8 Planets in order from the sun
and describe their appearance
4. Chapter
6.
Review
POWERPOINT NOTES
CORNELL NOTES
26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes
Tonight’s Homework
Portf
olio
#7
TODAY